Bantar Community: A Glimpse

                              – ;To gf/fo0f ;/bf/

Pd= P= -c+u|]hL_, Pd= P= -dfgjzf:q_, Pd= lkmn= -c+u|]hL_

k|fWofks, ;]G6 h]leo;{ sn]h, dfOlt3/, sf7df08f+}

g]kfn ax'eflifs, ax'cfoflds, ax';fF:s[lts /fHo xf] . ljleGg ;d'bfosf dlg;x¿ cfcfˆg} ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf To;sf klxrfgsf ;fy a:b} cfPsf 5g\ . x/]s hft hfltn] cf–cfˆg} k/Dk/fnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ;fF:s[lts klxrfg g} pgLx¿sf] hftLo klxrfgsf] dfWod xf] . cf–cfˆgf /Llt l/jfh, k/Dk/f, rfnrngnfO{ tyf wd{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ dgfpFb} cfpg' pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs klxrfg xf] . log} w]/} hfltx¿sf] aLrdf cfˆgf] a]Un} klxrfg ;+:s[lt lnP/ cfˆgf] kl/ro :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn Pp6f hflt xf] afFt/ hflt . of] hflt g]kfnsf] !$ j6f lhNnfdf a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ o; hfltsf] ;+Vof %%,!)$ /x]sf]5 . -/fli6«o hgu0fgf ;g\ @)!! M !$%_.

/fli6«o hgu0fgf -;g\ @)!!_ cg';f/ g]kfndf !@# efiff af]lng] !@^ hfthfltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . w]/} hfthfltx¿ ;do ;fk]If rNg g;s]/ cfˆgf] hflto tyf ;fF:s[lts klxrfg u'dfpg uO/x]sf 5g\ . of] hftLsf dflg;x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ …;/bf/Ú eGg ?rfpb5g\ . h;sf kl5 nfdf] Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 .

afFt/ ;/bf/sf] hftLo Oltxf; M

afFt/ hflt g]kfnsf] !@ j6f lhNnfx?df a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] hflt xf] . of] hflt ef/tsf] ;x/;f, b/e+uf, k"l0f{of / dw'jgL lhNndf a;f]jf; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] hflt xf] . ef/tsf ljleGg /fHodf d';ndfg zf;sx¿sf] cfqmd0f tyf pgLx¿n] lbPsf] 8/ / qf;n] of] hflt ToxfFaf6 ltQ/ ljQ/ x'g yfNof] . d'un ;d|f6x¿n] klg of] hfltnfO{ g} nIo agfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{, k'¿ifx¿nfO{ xTof ug]{, wgdfn n'6\g] tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ anfTsf/ ug]{ u/]sf] eP/ of] hflt a;fO{ ;/L g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e"–efusf] 3gf h+un5]pdf af; a:g afWo eof] -If]qL !((# M &#_. t/fO{sf] h+un5]pdf a:g yfNbf oL hfltsf] s'g} gfd lbOPsf] lyPg . g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]ifdf …afFt/Ú zAbsf] cy{ lbPsf] 5}g . afFt/ zAbsf] cy{ hfGgsf] nflu k|rlnt nf]ssyfdf hfg'k5{ . k|rlnt nf]s syfcg';f/ z'¿ ;'¿df afFt/x¿ h+unsf] 5]p5fpdf a:g yfn]sfn] logLx¿nfO{ afFt/ elgPsf] eGg] egfO{ 5. …agÚ eGgfn] h+un a'lemG5 eg] …t/Ú eGgfn] d'gL jf glhs eGg] a'lemG5 . kl5 jgt/nfO{ afFt/ eGg yflnof] . h;sf] cy{ h+unsf] glhs a;f]af; ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . o;} syg;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] afFt/ ;d'bfonfO{ 3gf h+unsf] 5]pdf a:tL a;fNg] hflt xf] / oL ;d'bfon] c¿ hfltx¿sf] ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ cg'z/0f ub}{ cfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f g]kfnsf] laleGg hfthftLsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ qmddf emfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -emf !(%# M !)#_.

To;} u/L ljb]zL ljåfg la= x8;gn] O{=;+= !*$^ df cf;fdb]lv t/fO{ If]q;Dd e|d0f n]vdf afFt/ k"lj{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf !$$ jif{ cufl8b]lv a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf ;d'bfo x'g\ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ - O{=;+= !**^ M %#_ . h;sf] lx;fj ubf{ g]kfndf of] hfltsf] a;f]af; #)) jif{eGbf klxn]b]lvsf] xf] eGg] v'Ng cfpF5 .

       Zff]wstf{ ls/0fbQ pkfWofon] emfkf, df]/+u / ;'g;/L lhNnfsf clt lk5l8Psf hfltsf] ;j]{If0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf of] ;d'bfonfO{ csf{sf] v]taf/Ldf alga'tf] u/L hLjg wfGg], ;fgf] emf]k8Ldf a:g], lzIffdf Hofb} kl5 k/]sf] hfltsf] ¿kdf b]vfPsf 5g\ -pkfWofo @)$! M #&_ .

       lgs} klxn] d';ndfg zf;sx¿af6 kLl8t eO{ h+undf a;f]af; u/] klg ;do ;dodf ltg} d';ndfg ;d'bfosf s]lx dlxnfx¿n] afFt/ ;d'bfonfO{ ltgLx¿sf] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g s]lx pkfo atfP . h; cg';f/ afFt/ ;d'bfon] 3/ cufl8 ;F'u'/ kfn]df d';ndfgx¿n] cfqmd0f gug]{ jf ;'Fu'/ kfn]sf] 3/tkm{ kms]{/ gx]g]{ eGg] pkfo lyof] . To;kl5 afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ 3/ cufl8 ;Fu'/ kfNg yfn] . h;n] ubf{ s]lx xb ;Dd of] ;d'bfo ;'/lIft x'gyfNof] .

uf]bgf k|yf M

af/Daf/ d';ndfgx¿af6 kLl8t afFt/ dlxnfx¿sf nflu ltg} d';ndfgsf  s]lx dlxnfx¿n] Pp6f h'lQm ;'emfP . pgLx¿s} egfOdf d';ndfgx¿ s'g} klg cfOdfO{n] z/L/df s[ltd 6f6"
-uf]bgf_ vf]k]sf] 5 eg] To:tf cfOdfO{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿ cz'4 7fG5g\ / glhs klg cfpFb}gg\ egL s]lx d'l:nd dlxnfx?n] xNnf km}nfP . pgLx?sf] vf; p2]Zo cfo cfh{g ug'{ lyof] . of] s'/f yfxf kfP/ afFt/ dlxnfx¿n] c¿n] b]Vg] u/L z/L/df 6f6" -uf]bgf_ vf]Kg yfn] . zf/Ll/s kL8f eP klg afFt/ dlxnfx¿ pQm uf]bgf vf]Kg] k|yfnfO{ :jLsf/] . pgLx¿ uf]bgfdf ljleGg snfs[ltx¿ vf]Kg yfn] . h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿df pQm uf]bgfn] uxgfsf] ?k klg lng yfn] . dlxnfx¿df pQm uf]bgfn] Ps k|sf/sf] ljZjf; klg hGd eof] ls afFr'~h]n h] hlt sdfP klg d/]/ s]lx klg cfkm";Fu nfg ;Sb}gf}, Pp6} dfq lrh nfg ;S5f}F cfkm";Fu Tof] xf] uf]bgf . of] ljZjf;n] ubf{ afFt/ dlxnfx¿n] aflx/af6 b]lvg] c+ux¿ h:t} 3fF6L, 5ftL, lk7\o", xft, xTs]nf, k}tfnf, 3'F8f d'gLsf] efu OToflbdf uf]bgf vf]Kg yfNof] . clxn] klg ufpFsf dlxnfx¿n] uf]bgf vf]k]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 .

afFt/ hfltsf] dlxnfdf 3'D6f] k|yf M

       d';ndfgx¿sf] cfqmd0faf6 hf]lugsf] nflu pg} d';ndfgx¿sf dlxnfx¿n] afFt/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3'D6f] /fVg ;Nnfx lbP . h; cg';f/ afFt/ dlxnfx¿ 3'D6f] /fVg yfn] . 3'D6f]n] klg afFt/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ d';ndfgx¿af6 aRg ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] -If]qL !((# M !#@_ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;dfhdf s]xL Jolerf/Lx¿n] cfˆg} ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fy} sltko cj:yfdf cfˆg} kl/jf/sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ s'b[li6n] x]g{ yfn] . pgLx¿n] dlxnfx¿ dfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ yfn] . h;n] ubf{ ufpFsf a'h'|sx¿n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ vf; u/]/ k'¿ifx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ 7"nf] e]nf 8fs] . h;df *) ufpFsf k'¿ifx¿ ;fd]n eP . pgLx¿n] ljleGg lgodx¿ agfP . agfOPsf w]/} lgodx¿dWo] Ps lyof] 3'D6f] k|yfsf] lg/Gt/tf - afFt/ hftLsf] lgodfjnL @)^# M %_ . h; cg';f/ lajflxt dlxnfx¿n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf 3'D6f] /fVg' kg]{ lyof] . lajflxt dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\sf] pd]/ / gftfn] 7"nf] JolQmsf] cufl8 3'D6f] /fVg'kg]{ eof] . h:t} h]7fh", ;;'/f, sfsf ;;'/f, dfdf ;;'/f OTofbL . 3/ a'xf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ eGbf h]i7 JolQm a;]sf] r§fO{, u'Gb|L, sy+sbflrt 5f]OPdf, b'a}hgfnfO{ clgjfo{ g'xfpg' kg]{ / g'xfP/ dfq z'4 x'g] lgod agfof] . sfnfGt/df ltg} lgod Pp6f k|yfsf] ¿k lnof] h'g clxn] klg afFt/ ;d'bfodf Pp6f k|yfsf] ¿kdf /lx cfPsf] 5 . o; k|yfnfO{ ;lhn} cGTo ug{ g;ls /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . x'g t lzIffsf] k|efjn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g gePsf] xf]Og t/ 3'D6f] k|yfnfO{ o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f leGg} b[li6sf]0fn] JofVof ul/G5 .

afFt/ ;d'bfo / s'nb]jtf M

afFt/ ;d'bfo jg glhs a:g] tyf h+unL d[u, aFb]n lzsf/ u/]/ NofO{ To;nfO{ g} cfxf/ agfpg] ub{y] . lsDabGtL cg';f/ Ps kN6 o; ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ jgdf lzsf/ ug{ uPsf] a]nf uNtLn] d[u eg]/ gLn ufO{ dfg{ k'u]5g\ . hj lzsf/sf] glhs k'Uof], pgLx¿n] uf} xTof u/] h:tf] nfUof] . ;a}n] ljnf}gf ug{ yfn] . ck/fwjf]wn] To; gLnufO{ 5]p a;]/ clgl0f{t al;/x]sf lyP . Tolts}df u]+8l;+x hf] To; a]nfsf gfd'b lzsf/L lyP, lzsf/ v]Nb} ToxfF cfOk'Uof] . u]+8l;+x tGq dGqdf kf]Vt lyP . afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ c;d~h:odf /x]sf] b]v]/ pgLx¿nfO{ æs] eof] <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wof] . pgLx¿n] ;a} s'/f a]nL lj:tf/ nufP . Tof] ;a} ;'g]/ u]+8l;+xn] pgLx¿nfO{ eGof], æof] gLn ufO{nfO{ ;]tf] sk8fn] 5f]k .Æ pgLx¿n] ;]tf] sk8fn] 5f]k] .

       u]+8l;+xn] ;a}hgfnfO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ Ps v'§fdf peL k|0ffd ug{ tyf Wofg nufof] . p;n] dGq k9\g yfNof] . s]lx ;dosf] dGq pRrf/0f kl5 p;n] ;a}hgfnfO{ cfFvf vf]Ng nufof] . ha pgLx¿n] cfFvf vf]n], u]+8l;+xn] gLn ufO{af6 ;]tf] sk8f p7fpg nufP . hj afFt/ ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿n] sk8f p7fP, pQm gLn ufO{ d[udf kl/0ft ePsf] kfP . To;a]nfb]lv u]+8l;+xnfO{ pgLx¿n] eujfgsf] phf{ lbP lsgsL u]+8l;+xn] afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ 7"nf] wd{ ;+s6af6 arfPsf lyP . To;a]nfb]lv g} of] ;d'bfon] u]+8l;+xnfO{ s'n b]jtf dfg]/ k"hf ug{ yfn] -;fksf]6f @)%% M ^&_ . h'g of] ;d'bfon] clxn];Dd dfGb} cfPsf 5g\ . 7fpF 7fpFdf u]+8l;+xsf] dlGb/ :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ / jif{df Psrf]6L w'dwfd;Fu k"hf cfhf ub{5g\ . x'g t u]+8l;+x afFt/ ;d'bfosf JolQm lyPgg\ t/ p;n] ;d"0f{ ;d'bfosf] nfh arfPsfn] p;nfO{ b]ptf eg]/ k"Hg] u/]sf 5g\ . of] ;d'bfon] dgfpg] df3] ;+qmflGtsf] lbg u]+8 l;+xsf] k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . z'¿df of] k"hf ciff9df ul/GYof] t/ ciff9 /f]kfOsf] z'¿jftsf] dlxgf tyf lxnfDd] x'g] ePsfn] ;a}n] df3 ! ut] k"hf ug]{ elg ldlt ;f/]sf] xf] .

afFt/ hfltsf] hftLo ;+/rgf M

       x/]s hfthflt rfx] Tof] cflbaf;L xf];\ jf hghflt, cf–cfˆgf] hftLo ;+/rgf agfPsf] 5 . /fHon] h:tf] ;'s} lgod sfg"g k|ltkfbg u/] klg sltko hft–hfltx¿ cfkm}+n] agfPsf] lgoddf rNb} cfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:sf] dtnj pgLx¿ /fHoåf/f :yflkt lgod pNn+3g u5{g\ eGg] xf]Og . t/ cfkm}+n] agfPsf] lgoddf rNg ;lhnf] 7fGb5g\ . afFt/ hflt klg cfkm}+n] agfPsf] hftLo ;+/rgfdf rNg ¿rfpF5g\ . afFt/ hfltsf] d}~hg x'G5 . To;kl5 hftLo ;efklt, hjf/, / xh/f -l;kfxL_ x'G5g\ . of] dflyNnf] txsf] kb lgwf{/0f xf] . of] kb ku{gf -If]q_ x¿df x'G5 . o; hfltsf] ;Kt/L lhNnfdf a9L ;+Vof ePsf]n] ;ftj6f ku{gf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M dfn emdgf, vf]hk'/, ufbL, v}N;f, dh'jf, hUb/, /fo hd'gf / ks/L -cGt/jftf{df cfwfl/t_ . ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ku{gfx¿sf] d}~hg a'l4nfn ;/bf/ xf] . t/ 7"nf] If]q ePsf] tyf PSn}n] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf ku{gf ljefhg u/L c¿nfO{ klg ;xfos d}~hg agfOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . xfn dfnemdgf / vf]hk'/ ufbLsf] d}~hg a'l4nfn ;/bf/ x'g\ eg] hUb/, /fo hd'gf / ks/Lsf] d}~hg xl/gf/fo0f ;/b/ xf] To;}u/L v}N;f ku{gfsf] nNs' ;/bf/ /x]sf] 5 / dh'jf ku{gfsf] d}~hg nfn axfb'/ ;/bf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

       ;'g;/L / df]/+udf @÷@ j6f ku{gfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;'g;/Ldf a]nL / enf en}gL 5g\ eg] df]/+udf afl/oftL / dfgu9 /x]sf 5g\ . ;'g;/L / df]/+usf] rf/ j6} ku{gfdf Pp6f dfq d}~hg tf]lsPsf] 5 . jt{dfg d}~hg cfzf s'df/ ;/bf/ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L of] hfltdf d}~hgn] s'g} klg hftLo lg0f{o ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .

       To;}u/L :yfgLo :t/df klg afFt/ ;d'bfosf] cfˆg} ;+/rgf /x]sf] x'G5 . h;df ;/bf/ k|d'v x'G5 eg] p kl5 ;Nx}6\of /x]sf] x'G5 . tNnf] tx cyf{t ;fdfGo kl/jf/nfO{ k}/hg elgG5 . …;/bf/Ú k':t} lkR5] kb x:tfGt/0f x'G5 . …;/bf/Úsf]  ufpF :t/df d'Vo e"ldsf x'G5 . lajfx ef]h, dbf{ kbf{, hftLo ;+:s[lt dgfpFbf …;/bf/Úsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;dfhdf cfOk/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;/bf/n] sfo{ ljefhg ug]{ sfd ub{5 . h:t} lgDtf] afF8\g], ef]h vfg cfpg lgDtf] lbg], Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF tyf Ps ufpFaf6 csf]{ ufpF ;dfrf/ k7fpg sfo{ ljefhg ug]{ ub{5 . ;Nx}6\ofn] ef]h et]/ ePsf] a]nf vfg] kftsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfd ub{5 . o;/L afFt/ ;d'bfo dflyb]lv tn;Dd lgoddf rn]sf] 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf kªx}t M

x/]s hfthfltdf txut ;d"x /x]sf] x'G5 . cyf{t\ ljx]jf/L rNn] jf grNg] u/L hftLo tx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . afFt/ hfltdf To; lsl;dsf] txut lgwf{/0fnfO{ kªx}t elgG5 . of]  hfltsf] Pp6} uf]q sZok ePtf klg kªx}t leGbf leGb} /x]sf5g\ . h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= hf]dgL ;/bf/ afFt/       @= dfemL afFt/       #= khxf afFt/

$= ;f]b]jfn afFt/ M   ;f]b]jfn klg tLg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ M

       s= dxkt u}of afFt/         v= d';g wfdL afFt/         u= clGbrfg afFt/

%= xh/f afFt/               ^= 9f]s]jfn afFt/     &= bf; afFt/

*= afF7 afFt/                (= /fh afFt/         !)= 9f]/ afFt/

!!= /fhwfdL afFt/           !@= ¿k afFt/        !#= /f}t afFt/

       ;Kt/L klZrdsf s]xL lhNnfx¿ h:t} af/f / k;f{df afFt/ rf}w/L, afFt/ bxLt klg kªx}tsf] ¿kdf kfOPsf 5g\ .

afFt/ hfltsf] …;/bf/Ú pkgfd M

      x/]s pkgfd k5fl8 cf–cfˆg} JofVof tyf Oltxf; /x]sf x'G5g\ . Oltxf; Ps} lbgdf ;[hgf ePsf] x'Fb}g . s}of}+ jif{, cjlw kf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . afFt/x¿n] klg …;/bf/Ú pkgfd Ps lbgsf] ;+3if{ jf Ps dlxgf jf Ps jif{sf] ;+3if{n] kfPsf xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿n] of] pkgfd kfpgsf nflu ;+3if{ dfq u/]sf lyPgg\ . ;+3if{ tyf pQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ qmddf v/f] pq] kl5 of] pkgfd lbOPsf] xf] .

       o; hfltsf] af/]df lj:t[t cWoog gePsfn] sltko s'/fx¿ cGt/jftf{af6 yfxf kfpg'kg]{  x'g cfpF5 . h;cg';f/ o; hfltsf a'h|'u >L hxfbL ;/bf/ -&@ jif{_ ;+usf] cGt/jftf{sf cfwf/df /f0ffsfndf oftfoftsf] ;j{;'ne ;'ljwf lyPg . dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF;Dd hfg ls t k}bn jf 3f]8f, j}nuf8L, 8f]nL dfkm{t\ hfg' kYof]{ . /f0ffsfndf t/fO{tkm{ klg dfnkf]t ;+sng ul/GYof] . p7fOPsf] dfnkf]t l;Ssf, ;'g, rfFbL jf cGo ax'd"No j:t'df ehfO{ /fhwfgL -sf7df08f}_ Nofpg] ul/GYof] . pQm ;+slnt dfnkf]tnfO{ To;a]nf tf]/f elgGYof] . To;df ;'g, rfFbL, l;Ssf, uxgf OTofbL x'GYof] . pQm ;+slnt tf]/f 5fnfsf] emf]nfdf xfn]/ sf7df08f} NofOGYof] . tf]/f ;+sng ug{ uPsf j8f xflsdx¿n] To; If]qsf] hldGbf/ kxjf/LnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ ;+sng ul/GYof] . ;+slnt tf]/f pg} hldGbf/ kxjf/Lsf] ;xof]udf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ lhDdf nufOGYof] . lhDdf kfPsf JolQm pQm tf]/f 5fnfsf] emf]nfdf xfn]/ sDd/df afFwL sf7df08f} Nofpg' kYof]{ . tf]/f Nofpg] qmddf sltko JolQmx¿ af6}df x/fpFYof] t sltkonfO{ 8fsf n'6]/fx¿n] n'6]/ nfGYof] . sltkon] hfgL hfgL x/fO lbGYof] tfls nfdf] af6f] sf7df08f} hfg gk/f];\ eg]/ .

       ;+slnt t]/f x/fpg] n'l6g] u/]sfn] ubf{ k6Ss} lkR5] km/s km/s ;d'bfonfO{ lhDdf lbOGYof] . To;} qmddf afFt/ ;d'bfonfO{ klg tf]/f k'¥ofpg] lhDdf lbOg] lg0f{o ul/of] . h;cg';f/ s]xL afFt/ o'jfx¿nfO{ tf]/f sf7df08f} k'¥ofpg lhDdf lbOof] . jg h+un ;DjlGw 1fg ePsf], af6f] klxNofpg ;Sg] ePsfn] pgLx¿dfly ljZjf; ul/of] . tL o'jfx¿n] kfPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ tkm{ nfu] . 7fpF 7fpFdf rf]/ 8fsfx¿n] cfqmd0f u/] / klg pgLx¿;Fu ;+3if{ ub}{, sl7g af6f] kf/ ub}{ s}+of} xKtf;Dd kfgL sGbd"n dfq vfFb} h+un, kxf8 x'Fb} sf7df08f} NofO k'¥ofpYof] . t/ sf7df08f} NofP klg tL o'jfx¿nfO{ t'/Gt pGd'lQm lbOb}gYof] . pgLx¿nfO{ xg'dfg9f]sf h]ndf y'g]/ /flvGYof] -cGt/jftf{df cfwfl/t_ . NofOPsf] tf]/f uGtL ubf{ sd kfOPsf] cj:yfdf h]n a:g' kYof]{ eg] ;s'zn kfOPsf] v08df lkmtf{ cfpg kfpYof] . t/ uGtL ug]{ kfnf] ^ dlxgfkl5 dfq cfpFYof] . Tolt~h]n xg'dfg9f]sf h]ndf g} a:g' kYof]{ . ^ dlxgfkl5 kfnf] cfpFbf ulgPsf] tf]/f h'g afFt/ o'jfx¿n] NofPsf x'Gy], b'¿:t kfpYof] . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ pGd'lQm kfpYof] .

       Ps k6s tf]/f k'¥ofpFbf OdfGbf/L kfOPsf]n] af/Daf/ afFt/ o'jfx¿nfO{ g} 5fGg yflnof] / x/]s k6s OdfGbf/Lk"j{s tf]/f Nofpg] u/]sf]n] tTsflng >L # dxf/fh kb\d zd;]/ /f0ffn] nfndf]x/ nufO{ …;/bf/Úsf] kbjL lbOPsf] lyof] . pgn] æca pk|fGt ltdLx¿ …;/bf/Ú sxnfpg]5f}Æ eg]kl5 ToxfFaf6 afFt/ ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ ;/bf/ sxnfpg yfNof] -cGt/jftf{df cfwfl/t_ . o;/L afFt/ ;d'bfon] ;/bf/ n]vfpg' k5fl8 cfˆg} Oltxf; af]s]/ cfPsf] 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf] af/]df ul/Psf vf]hx¿ M

       afFt/ hflt cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ldn]/ a:g] hflt x'g\ . of] hfltsf] cfˆg} df}lns klxrfg ePtf klg lj:t[t cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] cefjdf jf:tljs tTYo cem aflx/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] o; hfltsf af/]df n]lvPsf uxg cWoogx¿ kfOFb}g . ax'eflifs, ax'hfltsf] ;+ud ePsf] b]z g]kfndf jf:tjdf sltko g]kfnLx¿ cem lzlIft ;d'bfon] g]kfndf afFt/ eGg] hflt klg 5g\ eGg] ;d]t yfxf kfPsf 5}gg\ . t/ klg s]lx ;dfhzf:qL tyf dfgjzf:qL ljåfgx¿n] atfP cg';f/ o; hfltsf] j[xt a;f]af; g]kfnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{sf] u|fld0f If]q / pQ/L ef/tsf] ljxf/ lhNnfsf ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; hfltsf] hfltut pTklQsf] vf]hljg klxNofpFbf æof] hflt 3gf h+unsf] 5]pdf a:tL a;fNg] hflt xf] / of] hfltn] c¿ hfltx¿sf] ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ cg';/0f u/]sf 5g\ -emf !((# M !)#_ .Æ

       ef/tdf ePsf s]lx ;]G;; l/kf]6{df o; hfltsf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu P;=8L= k|;fbsf] !(^! Dff ef/tsf] ljxf/ ;]G;;\ tof/ ubf{ o; ;d'bfosf] af/]df ePsf] pNn]v cg';f/ ljxf/df ePsf @! cg'';'lrt hfltx¿dWo] of] hflt k|yd cg';"lrdf kb{5 -k|;fb !(^! M @#_ .

       >LsfGt ld>n] afFt/ ;d'bfosf] af/]df n]v]cg';f/ ldlynfdf b'O{ k|sf/sf z'b|x¿ 5g\ . klxnf]df ztz'b|s jf z'b| . klxnf] ztz'b|s jf ;f]nx sGx|f h;n] 5f]Psf] kfgL 7"nf, a|fXd0f, If]qL / j}Zon] vfg ;S5g\ t/ bf]>f] ci6s z'b|s jf z'b| h;n] 5f]Psf] kfgL a|fXd0f, If]qL / j}Zon] vfb}gg\ . oL ci6s z'b| cGtu{t kg]{ hfltx¿ rdf/, b';fw, t]nL, vTj] / afFt/ ;d'bfo klg kb{5g\ - ld> !(%# M ^@_ .

       b]zdf ePsf] /fhgLlt kl/jt{g tyf hfu¿stfn] 5'jf5'tsf] cj:yfdf qmlds ?kdf sld x'b} cfPsf] 5 t/ s]lx ;do klxn];Dd of] ;d'bfonfO{ c5't g} dflgGYof] . hgsnfn zdf{n] afFt/sf af/]df eg]sf 5g\ yf?sf w]/} y/x¿df Ps y/ afFt/ klg xf] / logLx¿nfO{ yf¿ ;dfhdf ;fx|} tNnf] y/ dflgG5  - zdf{ @)#( M $))–$)!_ .

       g]kfnsf] dfgjzf:qL 8f]/ axfb'/ lji6n] afFt/ hfltnfO{ yf¿ hftsf] Pp6f pkhft jf y/ dfg]sf 5g\ / wguf}l/of yf¿sf] Pp6f pkhft xf] eg]sf 5g\ -lji6 !(&@ M @!#_ . o;} u/L l/Hn] -!*(@_ n] klg afFt/ hfltnfO{ yf¿ hflts} Pp6f xfFuf xf] / h;sf] pTklQ b|lj8 ;d'bfoaf6 ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\  l/Hn] !*(@ M #& _.

       l8NnL /fd bfxfn -!(&*_n] cfˆgf] n]vdf afFt/ ;d'bfo a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] qmddf ef/tsf] pQ/L ljxf/ /fHosf] ;x/;f, k"l0f{of, b/e+ufaf6 g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf cfPsf] s'/f bzf{Psf 5g\ -bfxfn!(&* M !!_ . t/ kL=;L= rf}w/Ln] afFt/ ;d'bfo pQ/L ljxf/ /fHoaf6 g]kfn k;]sf] s'/f gdfgL a? g]kfnaf6 /fd|f] hLjgsf] vf]hLsf] lglDt ljxf/lt/ nfu]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ - rf}w/L !(^% M %#_ . To;}u/L dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] df]/+udf s]lx hflto ljz]if ;DjGwL n]vdf df]/+udf s]lx hfltx¿ h:t} yf¿, /fhj+zL, ;tf/, d';x/ h:t} afFt/sf] af/]df klg ;fgf] kl/ro lbb} oL ;d'bfo df]/+u lhNnfsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ -sf]O/fnf @)@#_ . tyfkL u0f]z If]qLn] afFt/ ;d'bfosf] g]kfnsf] k"lj{ t/fO{df s;/L a;f]af; eof], pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs cj:yf, /xg;xg, ;+:sf/, xfndf cfP/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nLdf klg s]lx kl/jt{g b]lvg yfn]sf] s'/fnfO{ j[xt ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ -If]qL !((#_ . o;/L afFt/ hfltsf] af/]df leGg leGg ts{x¿ k|:t't x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lsgsL afFt/ hfltsf] lnlvt Oltxf; e]6\g sl7g 5 .

       o;/L g]kfnsf] k"lj{ t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ afFt/ hfltsf af/]df ljleGg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljåfgx¿n] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{ u/]tf klg ;f] sfo{ k"0f{ tyf lj:t[t ¿kdf gx'g'sf] ;fy} jt{dfg ;dodf afFt/sf] hLjgz}nLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]6\g k"0f{ ¿kdf ;kmn ePsf] 5}g .

afFt/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs hLjg M

afFt/ hfltsf] 3/ b'O{ lsl;dsf] kfOG5 . klxnf] cfˆg} hUufdf agfOPsf] 3/ / bf]>f] P]nfgL jf hldGbf/sf hUufdf agfOPsf] 3/ . bf]>f] lsl;dsf 3/sf dfG5]x¿ hldGbf/sf] 3/df s[lif Hofnf dhb'/L ub{5g\ jf hldGbf/sf] v]tLdf clwof al6ofsf] sfd ub{5g\ . oL hfltx¿ cGo hghflteGbf cnUu} a;f]af; ug{ ¿rfpFb5g\ . To;}n] logLx¿sf] a:tL cGo hfltsf] eGbf leGg x'G5 . h;nfO{ :yfgLo af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf æat/fxL jf afFt/6f]nÆ elgG5 . ;fwf/0f afFt/ a:tL jf at/fxLx¿sf] gfds/0f ;d]t ulPsf] x'G5 t/ o:tf lsl;dsf afFt/ ufpFsf gfdx¿n] s'g} cfˆgf] k|sf/sf P]ltxfl;s jf ;fF:s[lts k[i7e"ldnfO{ lrgfpg vf]Hb}g . w]/} gfdx¿ k|s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt jf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfdaf6 /fVg vf]h]sf] a'lemG5 .

       t/fO{sf w]/}h;f] ufpFsf hfltx¿sf] a:tL h:t} afFt/x¿ klg af6f]sf] b'j} 5]pdf cyf{t\ Psk§L u'hd'Hh k/]/ /x]sf] ;fgf;fgf 3/x¿af6 lgld{t ufpFsf] lgdf{0f u/L a:g] ub{5g\ . afFt/x¿sf] 3/df klxnf s'g} dfG5] cfP p cfFug -rf]s_ df k'Ub5 . cfFugdf s]6fs]6L v]Ng], hf8f]df cfuf] afn]/ tfKg], lajfx et]/df ef]h eTof/ u/fpg] tyf cfˆgf] v]tLdf pAh]sf wfg, ux'F tyf tf]/Lx¿ km}nfP/ ;'sfpg] ;d]t ul/g] x'gfn] afFt/ ;dfhdf o;sf] lgs} dxTj 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf] efiff M

      x/]s hflt ;d"xsf] cf–cfˆg} efiff /x]sf] x'G5 . efiffn] x/]s JolQmsf] ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . g]kfndf ljleGg efiffefifLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . afFt/ hfltsf] cfˆg} efiff /x]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ d}ynL ;d'bfosf] efiff;Fu bfHg ;lsG5 . d}ynL;Fu ldNg] eP klg logLx¿sf] efiff 7]6 d}ynL xf] -If]qL !((# M !*@_ . ljleGg ;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ a:g] eP/ afFt/ hfltsf] df}lns efiff nf]k x'Fb} uO{ c¿ hfltsf] efiffsf zAb ldl;g uPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f of] hfltsf] cfˆgf] k|frLg lnlk 5}g . pgLx¿ n]vfO{df /f]dg lnlk tyf b]jgfu/L lnlksf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .

vfglkg / e]ifk"iff M

      afFt/ hfltsf] k|d"v vfgf bfn, eft / t/sf/L xf] . logLx¿ df5f, df;' klg vfg dg k/fpF5g\ . df;'df k|foM ;'+u'/, v;L, k/]jf, xfF;sf df;' dg k/fpF5g\ . sltko kl/jf/df s'v'/f kfNb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fsf] df;' sd} dfqfdf dg k/fpF5g\ . t/ xfn cfP/ s'v'/fsf] df;' klg vfg yfn]sf 5g\ . rfF8 kj{, ljz]if pT;jdf df;'sf] kl/sf/ tyf cGo kl/sf/ klg dg k/fpF5g\ . kfx'gfx¿sf] ;Tsf/ ubf{ vf; u/]/ ;'kf8L, lj8L, r"/f]6 lbO{ ;Tsf/ u5{g\ . yf¿ ;d'bfo glhs a:g] ePsfn] ubf{ ;fy} dWokfg ug]{ u/]sf]n] ubf{ sltko :yfgx¿df dWokfgn] klg kfx'gf ;Tsf/ ug]{ ul/G5 . To;} u/L of] ;d'bfo wfdL emfFqmLdf ljZjf; ug]{ ePsfn] wfdL emfFqmLnfO{ klg dWokfg lbg] rng 5 . cfˆgf] >Ldfg\sf] h'7f] yfnLdf vfg' o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f ;+s[ltsf] ¿kdf lnG5g\ . >Ldfg\sf] h'7f] yfndf >LdtLx¿n] vfgf vfg] ub{5g\ .

       afFt/ hfltsf] klx/0f df df};dsf] k|efj b]lvG5 . udL{ ofddf ;fdfGo kf]zfs nufpg] h:t} wf]tL, uD5f, u~hL, kftnf] sldh nufpF5g\ eg] dlxnfx¿ v8\sL, cr/f -;f/L h:t}_ nufpF5g\ . t/ zxl/of k|efjn] ubf{ n'uf nufOdf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o'jf hdft ;do cg';f/sf] kf]zfs nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

       cfe"if0fsf] xsdf of] hfltsf] dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf u/uxgfx¿ nufpg] ub{5g\ . vf; u/]/ rfFbLsf] uxgf logLx¿sf] /f]hfO{df k5{ . h:t} afh', r'/f, 7f]Ssf, xf};nL, k}/L, kfph', kfon, kftf], k~hf, rg/xf/, k}h', ;f}lyof, sfF8f, v'6\nf, 8/s;gf, 6k, glyof OToflb . k'¿ifn] xftdf rf]S6f, 3fF6Ldf s07f, cf}nfdf cf}F7L, l;qmL OTofbL nufpF5g\ . ljaflxt dlxnfx¿n] l;Gb"/ clgjfo{ nufpFb5g\ . o; ;d'bfodf nufpg] ljleGg u/uxgf ePtf klg xfn lajfxsf] cj;/ afx]s cGo ;dodf la/n} u/uxgfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

afFt/ hfltdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;DaGw M

       afFt/ ;dfh k'¿if k|wfg ;dfh xf] . x/]s kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odf k'¿ifsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . rfx] Tof] ;fdflhs sfo{ xf];\ jf kfl/jfl/s sfo{ k'¿ifn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . k'¿if g} 3/d"nLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s ;DklQ k'¿ifsf] gfddf dfq k|foM /x]sf] x'G5 . 5f]/fsf] hGdnfO{ pRr dxTj lbOG5 eg] 5f]/Lsf] hGdnfO{ klg vf;} gsf/fTds tl/sfn] lnOb}g . 5f]/fsf] hGdnfO{ xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 eg] 5f]/Lsf] hGdnfO{ sd k|fyldstf lbOG5 . afFt/ ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] ;DklQ eGgfn] p;n] dfOtLaf6 NofPsf] k]jf g} k|d"v /x]sf] x'G5 . dfOtLaf6 kfPsf] k]jf afx]s cGo ;DklQdf dlxnfn] bfjL ug{ kfpFb}g . >Ldfg\n] :j]R5fn] lbPsf] ;DklQdf dfq Pp6f dlxnfn] bfjL ug{ kfpF5 .

       afFt/ ;d'bfodf k|ToIf bfOhf] k|yf gePtf klg k/f]If¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] Pp6f k/Dk/f 5 . klxn] s]6f kIfn] s]6L kIfnfO{ ;s]hlt cyjf dfu cg';f/ wfg, rfdn, bfn, t/sf/L, v;L, af]sf lbg] rng lyof] . Tof] rng qmlds ¿kdf x6\b} uO{ ca s]6f kIfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . klxn] afFt/ ;d'bfo u/La x'g] ePsf]n] ef]het]/sf] nflu eg]/ s]lx vr{ s]6L kIfn] lng] u/]sf]df xfn cGo hftLdf bfOhf] k|yfsf] k|efj b]Vbf qmlds ?kdf k|yfsf] ?kfGt/0f ePsf] kf OG5 . u+uf /fO{n] afFt/ ;d'bfodf bfOhf] k|yf klxn]b]lv rNb} cfP/ clxn] klg sfod /x]sf] 5 . km/s olt dfq 5 ls bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf /sd g} dfUb}g a¿ lhG;Lx¿ h:t} kmlg{r/, ;fwg dfUg] rng /xb} cfPsf] 5 -/fO{ @)^# M #(_ .

       bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf k|fKt lhG;Ldf k'¿ifsf] klg k"0f{ xs nfU5 . To;} u/L dlxnfn] kfPsf] k]jfdf k'¿ifsf] clwsf/ sd x'G5 . o; ;d'bfodf >Ldfg\n] >LdtLsf] tyf >LdtLn] >Ldfg\sf] gfd pRrfx/0f ub}{gg\ . af]nfpg' k/]df cf–cfˆg} t/Lsfn] pkgfd lbO{ af]nfpF5g\ jf ;Gtfg hGd]sf] cj:yfdf ;Gtfgsf] gfdn] kmnfgf]sf] afaf jf kmnfgf]sf] cfdf eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ub{5g\ . /fh]Zj/L ;fksf]6fn] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ 5f]/L dfq ;Gtfg kfpgfn] jf afFemf]kg x'gfn] ;f}tf vKg afWo x'g' kb{5 . 5f]/L dfq kfpFbf / afFemL x'Fbf ;f}tf vKg' kg]{ x'gfn] ;Gtfg k|flKtsf nflu wfdL nufpg] / hl8a'6L vfg] sfd ;d]t ub{5g\ -;fksf]6f @)%% M %#_ .

afFt/ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] :yfg M

afFt/ ;dfh k/Dk/fut ;dfh ePsf]n] 5f]/LnfO{ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] hftsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . lzIff bLIffdf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOb}g . t/ klg of] ;f]r qmlds ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ klg pRr lzIff lbnfpg yflnPsf] s]lx k|df0fx¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 . tyfkL k/Dk/fut ¿kdf g} o; ;d'bfosf gf/L ju{n] s]lx xslxt / ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; hfltdf ljwjf gf/LnfO{ k'gM lajfx u/L 3/hd ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . ljwjf lajfxsf] xsdf s'g} /f]s6f]s cyjf k"jf{u|x 5}g . o;/L ljwjf lajfxn] o; ;dfhdf dfGotf kfPsf] x'gfn] klg ljwjf gf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwf / xs lg/Gt/ /lxcfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L >LdtLsf] e/0f kf]if0fsf] bfloTj >Ldfg\sf] /x]sf] x'G5 . >Ldfg\n] pQm bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] v08df >LdtLn] …;/bf/L ;efÚ af]nfpg ;S5] . o; ;efdf dlxnfn] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\nfO{ xsfg{, lxsf{pg jf zf/Ll/s b08 lbg tyf cf]vnL d':nf] af]sfP/ lx8fpF5g\ .

To;}u/L Pp6f k]6 af]s]sL dlxnfaf6 ;/bf/L ;efnfO{ ef]h v'jfO;s]kl5 s'g} csf]{ afFt/ k'¿if;Fu lajfx ug{ ;S5g\ . o;/L csf{sf] ue{ af]s]sf] sf/0faf6 cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf 3[l0ft x'g' kb}{g . -;fksf]6f @)%% M %$_

       csf]{tkm{ cljaflxt o'jtL jf ljaflxt cfOdfO{ cfkm"n] dg k/fPsf] s]6f]sf] 3/df uP/ a:g ;S5] . o;nfO{ …3/9'sLÚ elgG5 . csf{sf] 3/df uO;s]kl5 pQm o'jtL jf dlxnfnfO{ kl/jf/n] :jLs[lt lbPsf] v08df cflwsf/Ls ¿kdf ltgL pQm kl/jf/sf] gofF ;b:o cyjf a'xf/Lsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpF5] . ljaflxt dlxnf cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ 5f8]/ csf]{ k'¿if;Fu uPsf] v08df ;dfhn] klxnf] >Ldfg\nfO{ bf]>f] >Ldfg\af6 s]lx /sd lbg'kg]{ x'G5 h;nfO{ …hf/LÚ elgG5 . pQm hf/L …;/bf/L ;efÚn] tf]Sg] ub{5 . To;}u/L Pp6f o'jtL jf ljaflxt dlxnf cfkm"n] dg k/fPsf] s]6f jf k'¿if;Fu s]lx ;dosf] nflu efu]/ hfg ;S5 . pgLx¿ ufpFaf6 6f9f s'g} zx/ jf csf]{ ufpFdf s]lx lbg a;]/ kms]{/ cfpF5g\ . ;dfhdf cfO;s]kl5 ;dfhnfO{ ef]h v'jfP/ 3/ leq\ofpg] rng 5 . o;nfO{ …p//L{Ú elgG5 . clajflxt o'jf o'jtL Psn] csf{nfO{ dg k/fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf kfl/jfl/s ;xdlt gePsf] v08df tyf s]6fn] eufP/ gnuL s]6Ls} ;xdltdf pgsf] skfn tfg]/ 3/ leqfpg] rng 5 . o;nfO{ …emf]6kqmLÚ elgG5 -If]qL !((#_ .

       o; ;d'bfodf k'¿ifx¿ g} kfl/jfl/s k"hf cfhfdf ;l/s x'G5g\ . t/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg lajfx kZrft uxj/ -k"hf sf]7f_ df hfg] clwsf/ x'G5 . ljz]if cj;/df dlxnfx¿n] b]ptf k"hfsf] nflu l;+uf/k6f/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . Pp6f kl/jf/df Pp6f dlxnfn] l;+uf/k6f/ ug{ yfn] kl5 p;n] OR5fPsf] JolQm ge]6'Gh]n cyf{t\ csf]{ dlxnf ;b:o k"0f{ clwsf/ gkfpGh]n pg}n] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

afFt/ hfltsf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ M

       dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . ;dfhn] k|lt:yflkt u/]sf lgod dfGg' p;sf] k|yd bfloTj x'g cfpF5 . ;dfhdf ;dfj]z x'g] lznl;nfdf x/]s ;d"xsf] cf–cfˆg} cjwf/0ff / bz{g ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;dfhdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofpg] sfd ub{5 . cg]sf} ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ dWo] k|d"v xf] hGd, lajfx / d[To' ;+:sf/x¿ . s'g} klg ;fdflhs k|f0fLnfO{ oL ;+:sf/x¿n] 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5 .

       afFt/ ;d'bfodf hGd, lajfx, d[To' OToflb ;+:sf/x¿df k'/f]lxtnfO{ lgo'Qm ub}{gg\ . oL ;d'bfosf dflg; cfkm" :jo+ tyf xhfd -7fs'/_ / To;}u/L efGhf tyf ufpFsf] ;/bf/af6 af tf]lsPsf] hftLo a'h|'snfO{ k"/f]lxt dfg]/ sfd lng] ub{5g\ . logLx¿n] g} ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 .

cfly{s cj:yf M

      of] ;d'bfo Ps u/Lj ;d'bfo xf] . k|foMh;f] alga'tf] u/]/ hLljsf]kfh{g ug'{ logLx¿sf] lbgrof{ xf] . v]tL ls;fgL ug'{ klg of] hfltsf] Pp6f k]zf xf] . s]lx ;DkGg kl/jf/x¿ klg kfOG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm" nufot c?x¿nfO{ v]tdf sfd ug]{ u/fpg] ub{5g\ . sltko afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ zx/ ahf/df uP/ ljleGg zLk l;sL cfly{s cfh{g ug]{ ub{5g\ . z}lIfs cj:yf Psbd} Go"g ePsf]n] gf]s/L k]zfdf yf]/} JolQmx¿ dfq nfu]sf] kfOG5 . xfn cfP/ zx/ ahf/df l/S;f rnfpg], ld:qLsf] sfd ug]{, Hofnfbf/L sfd ug]{, ;fy} uf8L rnfO{ cfo cfh{g  ug]{ ub{5g\ . ufpFlt/ sltko dflg;x¿ clwof v]t u/]/ cfˆgf] u'hf/f u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . s]xL jif{otf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kmi6fPsf] 5 . w]/} o'jfx¿ dn]l;of nufotsf vf8L d'n'sx¿df uO{ cy{ cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] of] ;d'bfosf] cfly{s cj:yf s]lx xb;Dd dha"t agfpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

z}lIfs cj:yf M

      afFt/ hflt lzIffsf] If]qdf ;fx|} k5fl8 k/]sf] hflt xf] . klxn]sf] t'ngfdf z}lIfs :t/ a9]tf klg pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ JolQm Psbd} sd kfOG5 . d}n] o; ;d'bfoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ ug]{ klxnf] JolQmsf] ¿kdf ;f}efUo kfPsf] lyPF . d kZrft :gftsf]Q/ ug]{ s]lx JolQm ylkPsf 5g\ h'g cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsG5 . h:t} ;Kt/Lsf] laho s'df/ ;/bf/n] Joj:yfkgdf, df]/+usf] /d]z ;/bf/n] ;dfhzf:qdf, ;'g;/Lsf] ;ltz ;/bf/n] /fhgLltzfqdf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf 5g\ . :gfts ug]{ yf]/} JolQm eP klg k|fljlwstkm{ h:t} :6fk g;{, cgld, l;=Pd=P=, 8]G6/ xfOh]lhi6, cf]e/l;o/, Ol~hlgol/ª u/]sf s]lx JolQmx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ . clwsf+z afFt/ ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿ o'jtLx¿ P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd pQL0f{ u/]sf] / o'jfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]hsf/tkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . yf]/} dfq ;+Vofdf afFt/ ;d'bfosf] JolQm lghfdlt ;]jftkm{ nfu]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

hftLo ;+37g M

      x/]s hft hfltn] cfˆgf] hftLo tyf juL{o pTyfgsf] nflu ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ vf]Ng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] hftLo pTyfgsf] nflu g]kfn afFt/ ;/bf/ sNof0fsf/L ;ldltsf] gfdsf] hftLo ;+u7g :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . k|yd ;Dd]ng @)%# ;fndf ef}8fxfdf cfof]hgf u/L @! ;b:oLo s]GbLo ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/L sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . h;sf] g]t[Tj ;/o'u ;/bf/n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] bf]>f] / t]>f] ;Dd]ngdf emf]/fxf6 df]/+usf] >L df]xg ;/bf/ s]Gb|Lo ;efkltsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . xfnsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ^! ;b:oLo /x]sf] 5 .

 /fhg}lts cj:yf M

      of] hfltsf] /fhgLltdf sd kx'Fr b]lvG5 . x'gt b'a} ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts tkm{ g]kfnL sfFu|];af6 sljtf ;/bf/ ;ef;bdf lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] lgjf{rgdf klg df]/+uaf6 sNkgf ;/bf/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 ;dfg'kflts ;f+;b aGg ;kmn x'g' ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L :yfgLo :t/df klg ;'g;/L, df]/+u, ;Kt/L lhNnfx¿df ljleGg ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfdf ;b:ob]lv pk­–d]o/;Dd aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . t/ /fHon] h'g cg'kftdf ;xeflu u/fpg' kg]{ xf], To; :t/df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . / klg /fhgLltdf s]lx ;xeflutf eg] kfOPsf] 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf rfF8kj{x¿ M

       x/]s ;d'bfon] cf–cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] dgfpg] ub{5g\ h'g pgLx¿sf] hftLo klxrfg klg xf] . afFt/ hfltx¿ jif{el/ ljleGg rfF8kj{x¿ dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] hfltsf] rfF8kj{ ciff9af6 z'¿ x'G5 / j}zfvdf ;dfKt x'G5 . o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f pvfg 5 æ3/L k;f/], l;/jf p;f/]Æ . 3/Ln] kj{sf] z'¿jft u5{ / l;¿jf d]nfn] ;dfKt kf5{ cyf{t\ 3/L kj{ h'g ciff9 dlxgfdf kb{5, ToxfFaf6 o; ;d'bfosf] rfF8kj{sf] z'?jft x'G5 . To; kl5 cb|f h'g >fj0fdf k5{ . tLhsf] ef]lnkN6 rf}7L rfFb eGg] kj{ dgfpF5g\ . To;}u/L /f]kfOsf] z'¿jftdf ujul/of dgfOG5 h'gj]nf afhf ufhf ahfP/ v]tdf uO{ wfg /f]kfOsf] z'¿jft ul/G5 . lxnf] 5\ofkf5\ofk u5{g\ / /dfOnf] ub{5g\ . /f]kfO{sf] clGtd lbgnfO{ stkvf/sf] gfdn] /dfOnf] ub{5g\ . /f]kfOsf] s]lx ;do kl5 lhtLof kj{ agfpF5g\ . o; kj{df dlxnfx¿sf] k|d'v ;xeflutf x/]sf] x'G5 . o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f pvfg g} k|rlnt 5 – ælhtLof kfj}g j/ ef/L, lwofk'tfs] 7f]Os ;'tfj], ckgf v\of e}/ e}/ yf/L .Æ lhtLof kj{ ;fx|} ufx|f] x'G5 . s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;'Tg nufOG5 / cfkm" yfn e/L e/L vfG5g\ . cyf{t\ of] kj{ /ftL dgfOG5 . lhtjfxg b]ptfnfO{ l3/f}nfsf] kftdf blx Ro"/f d'5]/ dWo/ftdf r9fOG5 . To; kl5 df5fsf] dL7f] kl/sf/ agfP/ vfg] ub{5 . s]6fs]6L ;'lt;s]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fOb}g . p7Lxfn]df pgLx¿nfO{ ksfOPsf] kl/sf/ vfg lbOG5 .

       bz}+ of] hfltsf] cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt xf]Og . / klg o; kj{df gofF gofF n'uf nufpg], dL7f] vfg]s'/f vfg] tyf bzdL d]nf eg{ hfg] ub{5g\ . sf]hfu|t k"l0f{dfsf] /ft uf]7fn] kj{ dgfpF5g\ . rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] aluof agfO{ afkmdf ksfpF5g\ . df5f clgjfo{ ePsf]n] of t lsg]/ of cfkm}+ df5f df/]/ NofO{ To;sf] dL7f] kl/sf/ agfP/ ;a} kl/jf/ ldn]/ vfg] / /dfOnf] ug]{ k|rng 5 .

       ;'s/fOt -ltxf/_ afFt/ hfltsf] k|d"v rfF8 xf] . of] rfF8 xiff]{pNnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 . x'g t od k~rs elgPtf klg d"Vo lbg nIdL k"hf xf] . ljleGg :yfgdf lbof] afn]/ nIdL k"hf ul/G5 . 3/d"nLx¿ ;07Lsf] x'Ssf agfP/ v]t v]tdf uO{ lbkfjnL ub{5g\ . ;fy} nIdL cfudgsf] k|fy{gf ub{5g\ . ToxL lbgb]lv ufO{ uf]?nfO{ xl/of] wfg -gkfs]sf]_ sf] af]6 sf6]/ NofO{ vfg lbOG5 . To;nfO{ ub|f eGb5g\ . ef]lnkN6 ljxfg} s]6fs]6Lx¿ cl3Nnf] a]n'sL ;08Ln] agfPsf] x'Ssfsf] s]lx efu arfP/ /fv]/ gfª\nf] 76fpFb} ævfOdf/] ;'s/ftL, 8]ªfOl;o} ;'kÆ ltxf/df /fd|f] vfOG5 eg]/ gfª\nf] 76fPsf] eGb} ufpF5g\ . ef]lnkN6 ljxfg}b]lv kl/sf/ agfpg z'¿jft ub{5g\ . aluof tof/ ub{5g\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf df;' -h:t} ;'+u'/, v;L, xfF; OTofbL_ dL7f] agfP/ ksfpF5g\ . k'¿ifx¿ xnf], h'jf, sf]bfnf], 6]jn, s'l;{ OTofbL ;kmf u/]/ Ps 7fpFdf /fvL kL7f], l;Gb"/, b'jf], wfgn] k"hf ub{5g\ . To;kl5 vfglkg z'¿ x'G5 . aluof, Ro"/f, df;' / /S;L vfg]  /dfOnf] ug]{ ub{5g\ . lbpF;f] …x'/Ú xfNg] rng x'G5 h'g xfn cfP/ nf]k x'g nfu]sf] 5 . ufO{, uf]? Ps 7fpFdf e]nf kf5{g\ / s]lx xl/of] 3fF;sf] la6f agfP/ ufO{ uf]? dfly ˆofFSg] ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ …uf]j4{gÚ k"hf klg elgG5 . o; lbg ufO{ uf]?nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] /+usf] a'§f klg lhp e/L nufO{ lbg] rng 5 . clGtd lbg cyf{t\ …df]6fdf]6LÆ h'g clxn] cfP/ efO6Lsf ePsf] 5, To; lbg vf; u/]/ ljaflxt lbbL alxgLsf] 3/df Ro"/f d'/xL e"hfsf] kf]sf] agfP/ hfg] ub{5g\ . To; /ft bfh' efO lbbL alxgLsf] 3/df a:5g\ / ef]lnkN6 lbbL alxgLnfO{ cfkm";Fu} 3/ lnP/ cfpF5g\ . o;/L lbbL alxgLnfO{ 3/ NofO;s]kl5 ;'s/fOt -ltxf/_ kj{sf] cGTo x'G5 . xfn cfP/ …df]§fdf]§LÆ k|yf x/fpg nflu ;s]sf] 5 . cGo ;dfh h:t} afFt/ ;dfhn] klg efO6Lsf nufpg yfn]sf] 5 .

       df3L -df3] ;+qmflGt_ afFt/ hfltsf] csf]{ k|d"v rf8 xf] . df3Ldf ljxfg} g'xfpF5g\, kljq x'G5g\ / vfgfdf u'F8 lvr8L -;Vv/ xfn]sf] vL/_ / t/sf/L vfG5g\ . To;} u/L cGo kl/sf/x¿ h:t} rfs', ;Vv/v08, t¿n vfg] tyf hLpe/L tf]/Lsf] t]n nufpg] u5{g\ . lbpF;f] ltnsf], Ro"/fsf] tyf d'/xL e"hfsf] n8\8' agfP/ a]n'sLkv ;dfhdf a:g] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x¿ cf–cfˆgf] efF8f]df s]xL n8\8' NofO{ s"n b]jtf u]+8l;+xsf] k"hf u5{g\ . pQm lbg ;+'u'/sf] aln klg lbg] rng 5 . aln lbO;s]kl5 df;' c+zj08f u5{g\ / 6fpFsf] / Pp6f lkmnf /fv]/ To;sf] df;'af6 a]n'sf ;/bf/sf] 3/df ef]h u5{g\ . hxfF ;a} k}/hgx¿ ;l/s x'G5g\ . pQm cj;/df /S;L vfg] gfrufg ug]{ tyf /dfOnf] ug]{ klg ub{5g\ .

       xf]nL csf]{ k|d"v rfF8 xf] . o; kj{sf] lbg rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] /f]6L -k'jf_ ksfpg], df;' ksfpg] /S;L vfg], ;d"xdf gfrufg ug]{, 3/3/ hfg] / s]lx /sd ;+sng u/L k'gM /dfOnf] ug]{ ub{5g\ . xf]nLnfO{ o; ;d'bfodf k'gM ldngsf] kj{ klg elgG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv af]nrfn gePsf] kl/jf/;Fu /+u, clj/ dfkm{t Ps csf{sf] ufnfdf nufP/ ltQtf d]6fpg] u5{g\ / Ps} 7fpF a;]/ /dfOnf] u/]/ dgfpF5g\ .

       l;/jf afFt/ ;d'bfosf] jif{sf] clGtd kj{ xf] . x'g t of] jif{sf] z'¿df k5{ / klg o;nfO{ clGtd kj{ gfd lbOPsf] 5 . of] kj{ kl5 s/Lj # dlxgf s'g} kj{ x'Fb}g . l;/jfdf gofF n'uf nufpg] /dfOnf] ug]{, d]nf hfg] clg dL7f] dL7f] vfg] rng x'G5 . x/]s gofF jif{df of] ;d'bfon] …h'/lzQnÚ dgfpF5g\ . h;cg';f/ ljxfg} g'xfP/ cDvf]/fdf kfgL lnO{ klxn] kfl/jfl/s b]ptfnfO{ hn r9fO{ cfkm"eGbf 7"nf]sf] uf]8fdf hn ck{0f u/L cflzjf{b lnG5g\ eg] cfkm" eGbf ;fgf]sf] 6fpsf]df kfgL 5\ofkL cflzjf{b lbG5g\ .

hGd M

       afFt/ ;d'bfodf hGdnfO{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . vf; u/]/ ue{jtL dlxnfn] cGo dlxnfx¿sf] ;xof]udf 3/df g} ;Gtfg hGdfpg] ub{5g\ . cGo ;'l9gLx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;Gtfg hGdfO{ ;s]kl5 ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ 3/sf] s'gfdf aRrf;Fu} Gofgf] kf/]/ /flvG5 . To; sf]7fnfO{ …;f}/L3/Ú elgG5 . To; 3/df aRrf hGdfPsf] dlxnfn] !! lbg;Dd a:g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;Gtfg hGdfpg' cl3 dlxnf ue{jtL ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 dfOtLtkm{af6 cfdf, a'af jf efph"n] lv/, /f]6L, ld7fO{, kmnkm"n tyf Ps k|sf/sf] 3/d} tof/ kf/]sf] ;ft' h;nfO{ …;bxf}/Ú elgG5, lnP/ cfpF5g\ / 5f]/Lr]nLnfO{ v'jfP/ kms{G5g\ . ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ PSn} lx8\g tyf u¿+uf] sfd ug{ lbOb}g . ;do kl/jt{g ;Fu} cfhsn :jf:Yorf}sL, c:ktfndf uP/ klg ;Gtfg hGdfpg] k|lqmofsf] z'¿jft ePsf] 5 .   

       aRrfsf] hGd e};s]kl5 ;'8]gLnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf af]nfOG5 . ;'8]gL vf; u/]/ rdf/ ;d'bfoaf6 af]nfOG5 . pQm ;'8]gLnfO{ …bul/gÚ elgG5 . bul/gn] aRrfsf] ;fngfn, l;Ssf tyf df6fsf] efF8f]sf] 6'qmf h;nfO{ …lem6\sfÚ elgG5, sf] ;xof]un] sf6\b5g\ . ;fngfn sf6] jfkt bul/gnfO{ s]lx l;bf -rfdn, bfn, t/sf/L_ tyf s]lx /sd lbOG5 . aRrf hGd]sf] 5 lbgdf 57L x'G5 . s'g} vf; cj:yfdf h:t} hGd]sf] ef]lnkN6 cf}+;L jf k"l0f{df k/]df Ps lbg jf b'O{ lbgdf g} 57Lxf/ ub{5g\ . o; lbg aRrfnfO{ g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/]/ ;kmf kfb{5g\ . ao/sf] sf9f, aj'/sf] sf9f, la/fnf]sf] /f}+, s's'/sf] /f}+ NofP/ cfuf]df hnfpFb5g\ . o;f] ug'{sf] cy{ s's'/, la/fnf]sf] /f}+sf] Pnlh{af6 aRrfnfO{ hf]ufpg' xf] . o; lbg aRrfsf] gfd /flvG5 . aRrfsf] gfd hGd ;dosf] 36gf, af/, dlxgf cflbsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . h:t} cfOtaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ /}ljof, ;f]daf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ ;f]Dgf, d+unaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ dªn' cyjf d+unL, a'waf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ a'wgf, a'wgL, lalxaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ a[x:klt, z'qmaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ z'qm' tyf zlgaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ zlgof eGg] h:tf] gfd lbOG5 . To;} u/L gfdf+s/0f ug]{ qmddf s'g} 36gf, dlxgf, :yfgsf] cfwf/df klg gfdfs/0f ul/G5 . u|x, gIfq, /fzL OToflbnfO{ of] ;d'bfon] vf;} dxTj lbPsf] kfOb}g . !! lbg;Dd ;'Ts]/LnfO{ 3/ aflx/ lg:sg lbOb}g . !! lbgsf] /flt ;'Ts]/Ln] Pp6f cfOdfO{nfO{ ;fyL nu]/ 3/ glhssf] Ogf/, 6\o"j]ndf uP/ kgL lgsfNb5] / !@ cf}+ lbgsf] lbg ;'Ts]/LnfO{ rf]VofP/ k"hf ug]{, ;'Ts]/L u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ cfOdfO{x¿nfO{ e]nf af]nfP/ k/]jfsf] jnL lbG5g\ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ jnL lbOPsf] pQm k/]jfsf] df;' v'jfOG5 / ;'Ts]/L cfOdfO{ rf]vf] eP/ p:n] 5f]Psf] kfgL / cGo rLh rNg yfNb5 .

       afFt/ ;d'bodf d'08g -5]j/_ lj/n} ul/G5 . x'g] vfg]n] dfq % jif{ k'u]kl5 3/df xhfd af]nfO{ afnssf] skfn sf6L 5]j/ ul/G5 . To; lbg cfkmGt 5/l5d]snfO{ 8fs]/ ef]h v'jfpg] rng 5 .

afFt/ ;d'bfodf lajfx ;+:sf/ M

      s'g} klg ;dfhdf lajfx Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k/Dk/f xf] . o; hfltdf lajfx leGg} k|sf/n] ;DkGg ul/G5 . o; hfltdf /x]sf] ljleGg lajfx h:t} 3/9'SsL, p//L{, emf]6ks8L afx]s dfuL lajfx, uGwj{ lajfx OToflb klg 5g\ . dfuL ljaxsf] xsdf ljleGg txx¿ kf/ ul/G5 .

       dfuL lajfx xfn cfP/ s]6fs]6Lsf] b]vfb]vaf6 z'¿ x'G5 . Ps csf{n] dg k/fPkl5 b'O{ kl/jf/sf 3/d"nLx¿ a;L a}jflxs sfo{qmdx¿sf] ltly ldlt to ub{5g\ . ;a}eGbf klxn] eTv} ul/G5 . h; cg';f/ s]6L kIfaf6 s]xL JolQm s]6f kIfdf hfG5g\ . pQm lbg w]/}eGbf w]/} kl/sf/x¿ ksfP/ v'jfOG5 . To;kl5 s]6L kIfaf6 s]lx JolQmx¿ -vf; u/]/ ljhf]8f ;+Vof_ uO{ lajfxsf] lbg tf]S5g\ . lajfxsf] b'O{lbg cl3 hftLo a|fDx0f af]nfO{ ;Togf/fo0f eujfgsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . Ps lbg cufl8 s]6L tkm{af6 ltns lbgsf] nflu ljhf]8 ;+Vofdf kl/jf/ nufot ;dfhsf k'¿ifx¿ a]n'sf a]x'nfsf] 3/df hfG5g\ . ltns lbg cfpg] kfx'gfnfO{ eJo :jfut ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . ltns lbO;s]kl5 kfx'gfx¿nfO{ dL7f] dL7f] kl/sf/ v'jfpg] rng 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, ;'Tg] a]nf s]lx o'jfx¿n] ltns lbg cfPsf] k'¿ifx¿ h;nfO{ …k~rl/ofÚ elgG5, sf] lhp dflnz ug]{ ub{5g\ . xfn cfP/ lhp dflnz ug]{ k/Dk/fdf /f]s nufOPsf] 5 .

       o; ;d'bfosf] lajfx k|foM /fqL nugdf ug]{ ub{5g\ . a]n'sL hGtLx¿nfO{ -al/oftL_ eJo :jfut ul/G5 . lajfxsf] a]nf k|d"v e"ldsf dlxnfx¿sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] k/Dk/fut uLt ufpFb} ljleGg a}jflxs ljlw k"/f ub{5g\ . o; hfltsf] lajfxsf] k|d"v cfsif{0f eg]sf] b'O6f afF;sf] 6'qmf -a}xªf / k6}x_ 3f]6]/ cfuf] lgsfNg' xf] . of] cfuf] glg:s'~h]n cGo ljlwx¿ ul/b}g . hGtx¿n] klg cfkm";Fu NofPsf] a}xªf / k6}x Ps csf{;Fu 3f]6]/ cfsf] lgsfNb5g\ . To;kl5 dlxnfx¿n] g} ljleGg lsl;dsf] uLt ufpFb} ljlwx¿ k"/f ub{5g\ . sGofbfg vf; u/]/ a'afn] ug]{ ePsf]n] lrl6Ss agfOPsf] d08k leq a]x'nf / a]x'nL aLrdf a'af a;]/ sGofbfg ub{5g\ . hGtLnfO{ vf; u/]/ @$ 306f;Dd /fVg] k/Dk/f /lx cfPsf]df xfn ;do 5f]6\ofP/ !) b]lv !@ 306f kl5 a]x'nL cGdfP/ k7fpFb5g\ .

       a]x'nfsf] 3/df a]x'nL leq\ofO;s]  kl5 klg s]xL ljlwx¿ ub{5g\ h:t} r'dfpg], ;'kf8L v]nfpg] OToflb . a]x'nL NofO;s]kl5 ufpFn]x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ ef]h v'jfO;s] kl5 lajfx ljlwjt ¿kdf ;DkGg x'G5 . a]x'nL;Fu cfPsf efOalxgLx¿ h;nfO{ …;l/oftLÚ elgG5, To;lbg ;Fu} a:5g\ . k'/fgf] lgod cg';f/ To;} lbg a]x'nL kms{g] eP klg xfn ;l/oftLx¿nfO{ kmsf{O a]x'nL ToxL a:5g\ / ef]ln kN6 HjfO{;Fu} dfOt cfpFl5g\ . h;nfO{ …3'/faf}x/LÚ elgG5 . To; kZrft kms]{/ cfO{ gf} lbgkl5 lgoldt ¿kdf cfO{ hfO{ z'¿ x'G5 . z'¿sf lbgx¿df a]x'nLn] rfx] dfOt hfFbf xf];\ jf dfOtaf6 3/ kmls{bf xf];\, s]lx sf]z]nL h:t} t]ndf tf/]sf] rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] /f]6L, vL/ OToflb nfg] ub{5g\ h;nfO{ …;g]zÚ elgG5 . ;gz cfpFbf a]x'nLsf] cfdf jf efph"n] k|To]s kl/jf/df yf]/} yf]/} u/]/ afF8\g] ub{5g\ .

afFtf/ ;d'bfodf d[To' ;+sf/ M

      afFt/ ;d'bfodf d[To' ;+:sf/ s]lx xb;Dd km/s 5 . s;}sf] d[To' ePsf] v08df To; kl/jf/af6 Pshgf dfq …stf{Ú a:5g\ . hltj6} 5f]/f eP klg olb pgLx¿ …stf{Ú a:g] cj:yf gePdf gflt klg …stf{Ú a:g kfpF5g\ . d[t z/L/nfO{ l;w} k|j]zåf/af6 lgsflnb}g . 3/5]psf] af/]sf] …6f6LÚ vf]n]/ lgsflnG5 . af6f]df 6Lnf tyf tf]/L 5b}{ nfG5g\ . k|foM u/La kl/jf/ ePsfn] d[t z/L/nfO{ lrxfg vg]/ uf8\g] ub{5g\ . sf]lx sf]lxn] dfq 3f6df nu]/ hnfpg] ub{5g\ . ;+:sf/ u/]/ cfO;s]kl5 stf{nfO{ leGg} a:g] Joj:yf ldnfOG5 . d[To'sf] bf]>f] lbg '…b"wd"xÚ ul/G5 . h;df x/]s kl/jf/n] b"w lnP/ cfpF5g\ / ufpF ;dfhnfO{ af]nfP/ ;fdfGo vfg]s'/fsf ;fydf b"w vfg lbOG5 . rf}yf] lbg ;fdfGo ljlw u5{g\ . h;nfO{ …x}/r~r]Ú elgG5 . ;+:sf/ u/]sf] 7fpFdf jf gbL lsgf/ uP/ s]lx vfg]s'/f agfO{ d[t cfTdfnfO{ r9fOG5 . ;ftf}+ lbgsf] lbg cfOdfOx¿ 3f6df uP/ g'xfp5g\ h;nfO{ …;t nxf}gÚ elgG5 . To;} a]n'sf ufpF ;dfh a;]/ cfkmGtx¿nfO{ lgDtf] afF8\g] tyf lgDtf] k'¥ofpg] hfg] JolQmsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpF5g\ . P3f/f}+ lbgsf] lbgnfO{ …gf]xs]zÚ elgG5 . To; lbg dlxnfx¿n] gª sf6\g] tyf k'¿if ;b:ox¿n] skfn tyf gª sf6\g] ub{5g\ . afx|f}+ lbgnfO{ …kf/0fÚ elgG5 . To; lbg ;dfh af]nfP/ ef]h VofOG5 . To; a]n'sf klg ;dfhnfO{ v'jfpg] rng 5 . t]x|f}+ lbg …z'4fz'4LÚ sf] lbg, To; lbg lgDtfn', ;dfh ;a} ldn]/ ef]h u5{g\ . To; ;do …stf{Ú a;]sf] JolQmnfO{ aLrdf /fv]/ g"g ePsf] vfg]s'/f vfg lbOG5 . To; cl3 afx|lbg ;Dd stf{n] g'g vfg kfpFb}g . stf{ ag]sf] JolQm ;a}nfO{ k|0ffd u/]kl5 ef]h z'¿ x'G5 / a]n'sf ljlwjt ¿kdf d[To' ;+:sf/ klg ;dfKt x'G5 . To; a]n'sf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf Ps 6'qmf l;b|f df5f vfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To; a]n'sf df5f gvfP, slDtdf $% lbg jf ! jif{;Dd df5f df;' vfg kfOb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M

– /fO{, u+uf . @)^# . g]kfndf afFt/ ;d'bfosf] dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf M df]/+u lhNnf xflQd'8f uf= lj=;=sf] :ynut ;dfhzfl:qo cWoog . zf]wkq . l6=o"= k]; ul/Psf] .

– cfrfo{, k]zn . @)$* . ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ hflt afFt/ M g]kfn klqsf jif{ @@ c+s # . sf7df08f} M d'b|0f tyf k|sfzg ljefu, n]vg tyf ;+kfbg zfvf, l;+x b/af/ .

– pkfWofo, ls/gbQ . @)$! . emfkf, df]/+u, ;'g;/L lhNnfsf clt lk5l8Psf d';x/, emfFu8, ;tf/, afFt/ / lwdfn hfltx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s hLjgaf/] Ps ;j]{If0f . sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ljefu . ;+Vof ^

– sf]O/fnf, dft[sf k|;fb . @)@# . df]/+usf s]lx hflt ljz]ifx¿ M sNkgf åL . dfl;s ;flxlTos klqmsf, c+s #, w/fg .

– zdf{ hgsnfn . @)#( . xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog . sf7df08f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg . k[i7 $)), $)!

;/bf/, hxfbL . @)&% . afFt/ hftLsf] Oltxf;, df}lvs cGt/sftf{, a]zfv # ut] .

–;fksf]6f, /fh]Zj/L . @)%% . xflQd'8f uf=lj=;=sf afFt/ hflt M Ps cWoog, zf]wkq . l6=o"=df k]; ul/Psf] .

Bista, Dor Bahdur (1972). People of Nepal, Kathmadnu : Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

Chaudhary, P. C. (1965). Bihar District Gudgeters. Saharsa, Patna:  Secretariate Press.

Chhetri, Dr. Ganesh (1993). Bantar Settlers of Eastern Nepalese Terain, a Dissertation. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India.

Dahal, Dilli Ram (1978). Indian Ethnic Group in the Nepalese Terai, Research Centre for Nepal and Asia Studues, T.U.

Hodson, B. (1886). Miscellaneus Essay Relating Indian Subjects, London :Trabner and Company.

Jha, Hari Bansha (1953). The Terai Community and National Integretation in Nepal. New Delhi : Centre for Economic and Technical Studies

Mishra, Shree Kanta (1953). History of Mithila. Lahariya Sarai : Mitihila Publication.

Population Census National Report  (2011). Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, p. 145

Prasad, S. D. (1936). Bihar Census Report. Saharsa, Patna:  Secretariat Press.

Risley,H. H. (1892). The Tribe and Caste of Bengal. Calcutta : Bengal Secretariat Press, Vol. 1

Redefining Dalits

For the years the term 'Dalit' has been a politically incorrect term and an epistemic violence to denote a particular community to address. They have been morally and socially discriminated in the society for the ages. They always regard themselves to be the otherized group in the society. From every aspect, they have been ignored and disregarded by the so called 'upper castes'. They have been psychologically and mentally tortured in the society. If we see sociologically, they feel themselves an exile in the community. The temples, wells have been restricted zones for them to use. Several medias and newspapers frequently mention such issues in the different volumes. In the name of touchability and untouchability, various clashes have been taking places in our society.

            In the recent years, the government and several NGOs and INGOs are focusing the issues about Dalits. They highly prioritize the opportunity for them in most of the sectors whether it is job opportunities are concerned or any political appointments are concerned. Those are so much so highlighted that they are only mostly getting much more chances in various sectors. The state laws also have discouraged about untouchabilities and therefore, those who belong to the mentioned group, they get high precedence to get a strong attention. They have been so much encouraged that few years back they hesitated themselves to be called to Dalits, but they, now, proudly announce themselves to be the Dalits. To hide their identity as Dalits, they used to keep their surnames as of the upper castes. Due to the high concentration of the government, they have been trying to get their previous identity as Dalits. They happily mention their surname as denoting Dalits.

            The state authority has so much so encouraged them that the non-dalits have been ignored and they have been challenged to compete with the Dalits. Not only that, in every sector, the quota system has been introduced with high priority and even those underprivileged community people are brought forward with a lot of facilities and chances in every field. In the government vacancies also only for the limited seats, the non-dalits can compete. It has created a great gap between two groups–Dalits and non-dalits. Though there have always the gap between them but now the gap can be felt in another way.

            On those days, they were socially ignored and now they are brought forward. The state ignored and prioritized those who had had skill and talent to run the administration and state policies. It does not mean that the Dalits don't have caliber to run the state. It indicates that the non-dalits need some more time to wait for their chance to compete and come in the main stream. Though they are coming in power but not as much as they have to. For the state formation and transformation, the highly qualified manpower is required. That should be brought forward in free competition and all should be given equal opportunities. Either it is the matter of vacancy or political appointee. It is obvious that they (Dalits) were ignored and they needed a strong concentration for the state to bring them forward.

            First the political incorrect term Dalit should be redefined and it should be made aware for everyone regarding their status in the society and their identity should be restated. Their social existence should be restructured. Socially they should be re-identified. That obviously will bring a balance between all the castes living in the society. To think about any caste and prioritize is itself a wrong practice because all have equal right in the state to play a role for the advancement of the society. No matter who they are, they can equally contribute for the state and therefore, they should be given equal chances to increase and grow in the society. Needless to say that equally behaved, the society can run and develop rapidly.

            In the present context, the term Dalit has to be re-considered because whatever we have the mentality regarding their status, that is being changed day by day. In real sense the dalits are those who are deprived of the fundamental rights in a state. So far as the existing dalits are concerned, they are getting the high priority from the state and other institutions as well as NGOs and INGOs. So, they should reconsidered whether they are dalits or not. If we observer minutely, we can find some other group emerging in the society as dalits. They are political party cadres who are highly dedicated towards parties and don't get any chance from the parties. Those who are in upper level, they get high chance to reach and gain outcome whereas the low level cadres are completely deprived of their needs and rights. Similarly, those women who are struggling in their family and in their name other privileged women are getting chances. Therefore, the ignored women are the real dalits. They cannot raise their voice nor their voice can be in reality heard. We cannot ignore those social workers and motivators who work in the society but they are forced to be confined in a small circle. They can never be noticed by the state affairs. Their contributions can be overlooked. Everyone knows that those social workers work very honestly for the society but their presence can be ignored by the state affair.

            Overall in the present context, in the identity seeking state for the dalits, the non-dalits can be taken as the real dalits because they have been completely ignored by the state to bring in the main stream for the shake their involvement in the nation building affairs. They are kept away from getting the opportunities and even chances to do anything for the nation. Other dalits are getting high priority in the state to come in the power and act for the nation. The non-dalits are in the state of searching their real identity in the society and the state. They have made the real dalits in the existing condition. They need to be given proper attention and consideration. The state has to realize their significance for the state affair and involve them wherever they are highly required. It doesn't mean that the dalits should be ignored, it means the new dalits should not be borne in the society. They have to be brought and considered equally and given chance in the same way in every aspect. Otherwise the moment will come when the non-dalits will come in the street demanding their rights and their security for the future. That moment will surely be a shameful time for everyone whoever is in power will be forced to reconsider about them.