SHORT SUMMARIES OF THE TEXTS

Grandmother

-Ray Young Bear

The poem grandmother is written by Ray Young Rear, An American Indian poet. The given poem is about love of a grandson towards his grandmother. We also can find the condition of seeking the identity of a particular tribe. The poet has made a portrait of his grandmother with the help of the different sense organs. He indicates that his grandmother was all loving and inspiring. He also indicates that whoever a person loves to, he/she dwells in all thinking and feelings and he/she can identify the loved one with the help of the different sense organs.

According to the poem, the poet could identify the physical shape of his grandmother form a long distance. Because she could be found wearing purple scarf & carrying a plastic supping bag. Her touches would easily give him or make him feel the secret love of grandmother towards the future generation. There is the uninterrupted or continuous affection of the grand parents towards the grandchildren. Even the voice of grandmother could give great impression to the poet. He finds his grandmother's voice and touch all loving and inspiring. Thus, the poet finds his grandmother all loving and inspiring.

In the poem we get the use of the different sense organs by the poet. It  indicates the love of grandmother is running in his every part of his body. He uses eyes to identify his grandmother’s physical shape and appearance. He uses skin to feel her love and sympathy. He uses nose to get the real pleasure of his grandmother’s body. He uses ears to know his grandmother’s words inspiring.

In this way to the poet has tried to explain and show the Indian influence and culture still alive in American. Here the poet seems to be seeking the identity.

About Love

-Anton Chekhov

The story about love is written by Anton Chekhov a realistic story writer. This story is about different-forms of love which are commonly found and perceived by us. The writer has tried to focus that the love is always different.

According to the story, Alyohin and his friends wear in a restaurant. They started talking about love when Nikanor, the cook come to take the order for the lunch. Nikanor was in love with a beautiful Pelageya. They lived together. Nikanor forced her to get married. But Pelageya said that she would not marry but she would not leave him. She wanted to live with her just so. Alyohin said that Pelageya did so because Nikanor sometimes used to get drunk, scolded her and beat her. Alyohin explained about his own love with a university girl. He used to buy everything for her. They were living together. But Alyohin had to go to village and as he told his girl friend to go with him, she completely refused.

Alyohin explained about his another love with Anna Alexeyerna. As Alyohin was appointed as judge, he had to go to the city to give his decision. There he came to meet with Luganovich, another judge who invited him for the lunch. Alyohin could, not deny and as he went there. He came to meet with Anna Alexeyerna. She had already given birth to a baby. In the first sight they fell in love. But they could not express their feelings. Gradually Alyohin and Anna become very close friends. They acted as husband and wife. The time passed on Anna gave birth to the second child. Since then there was a drastic change in her behaviour. She behaved very rudely and did not care any activities at home. The doctors advised Luganovich to send her to Crimea. Mean while Luganovich was transferred in another province. Anna was to be sent to Crimea. Alyohin came to say the last goodbye to the family. When he went to the station, he found that Luganovich was carrying the children and Anna was inside the compartment. Alyohin went inside the compartment there they expressed the feelings but it was late. Anna went towards Crimea and Alyohin towards his village.

In the story we get three kinds of Love. They are Violent Love, Selfish Love and Unexpressed Love. Love is not always the same as we think. It can be sometimes violent and sometime selfish as well as the state can come where we may not be able to express our love to our beloved or the lover. There can exist the condition of the unexpressed love.

Lamentation of the Old Pensioner

-W.B. Yeats

The poem Lamentation of The Old Pensioner is written by W.B. Yeats, an Irish poet. This poem is nostalgia of a person who has grown old. He is in the stage that nobody cares him. In another sense this poem is about an old man who remembers his past.

According to the poem, the speaker in the poem says that he has grown very old and nobody cares him. But during his time he used to accompany with several grown up persons and talked about Love or politics. His old age does not allow him to go with the lads who are making planes to fight against the government; even the government also is trying to have control over them. The lads are even ready to make any bad plan to trouble the authorities but the speaker does not complain to the boys nor to the government rather he condemns to the time which has transfigured him into an old man. At present no any women turns her face towards the old man. But in his time he had love affair with the particular girl whom he remembers. As he is neglected from every accompaniment, he spits into the face of the time.

In this way the given poem describes about the condition of old person who recalls his past. The poet uses refrain ‘Time transfigured me’ in the poem to signify that the time has really changed him into an old man. He can do nothing but remember and regret about his past.

Tow Long Term Problem's: Two Many Peoples, Too Few Trees

-Moti Nissani

The essay two long term problems two many people, too few trees is-written by Moti Nissani. This essay is about the burning issues regarding overpopulation and deforestation. The writer has presented the essay in context of Nepal.

Overpopulation is a great problem which has created so many problems in our  surrounding. The unmanaged organization has aroused several pollutions like air, water, sound and soil. These pollutions have created so many diseases for human beings. Air pollution has created consumption respiratory diseases like cough, asthma, emphysema, long cancer, tuberculosis. Similarly the air pollution has caused ozone layer depletion. It has caused the interring of ultraviolet rays and thewater pollution has caused various consumption diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, cholera.  

Deforestation is another problem in the context of Nepal. It has caused desertification, land slides, soil erosion, more rainfall, less rainfall, untimely rainfall. We are facing various natural disasters. Land slides have been common problem for us these days. Due to various pollution, There are so many secondary effects, such as some species of birds as well as animals have already been disappeared. In some tribes, the sperm count is drastically low.

The writer has given us some possible solutions like Population control, people’s awareness, education as well as government’s strict policy. The writer also has suggested for afforestation, replantation, using smokeless stove as well as gas plant.

In this way writer has focused on overpopulation and deforestation and its effect on human civilization.

Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies

-William Shakespeare

The poem Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies is written by William Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist of English literature. The given poem is taken from his famous drama ‘The Tempest’. The given poem, is spoken by Arial, a spirit, to Ferdinand, the prince of Naples. In the poem Aerial informs Ferdinand about the death of his father.

According to the poem Arial says to Ferdinand, that his father has been dead. His dead body lies 30 feet under the world. His whole body has been changed into something new and strange things. The bones of his body have been changed into coral and eyes into pearls. Obviously his whole part of the body has been changed but into expensive things. The sea nymphs sing song with great sorrow on the death of his father. Every hour the sea nymphs blow the knell.

The poet has tried to focuse on the importance of ecosystem not only in the ground but also in the deep see. The eco system inside the sea can be taken as an essential part of human life. We must not destroy the eco system. It is our great responsibility to preserve the nature.

Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star

-M. Lilla and C. Bishop Barry

The essay Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star is written by M lella & C Bishop Barry, two American geographers working in Karnali. This essay is about economic & social condition of the people of karnali. This is about a journey from Karnali to Nepalgunj. The writers have tried to focus on how the people of Karnali are economically linked with the low regions of the Terai.

The writers started their journey from Karnali with fourteen porters with them, On the way they come to meat with a chhetri woman, Who asked them about her husband who has left her fifteen years ago. After a few days walk, they came to meat with a group of people processing silajit. From them the writers knew that silajit is a very useful herbal medicine. They sold it in Nepalgunj and that was sold in India for the pharmaceutical use. Again after few days they come to meat with some women who were cutting the remaining branches of a tree. In the quarry they said that animal had to be fed. When they reached Nepalgunj all the porters started trading with the good they had brought with them some of them bought spices, clothes and iron products and other necessary things. But karma ' bought only distillery equipment. Then the writers finished their officials jobs; went back to Karnali and after they completed the task, the writers returned to America.

The writers have specially tried to focus on transformation, education, employment and so other problems of the people of Karnali. They have also tried to show that Karnali is economically linked with the low land regions of south. The writers tried to focus on the problems of the region and expected the changes in their lives.

Travelling Through the Dark

-William Stafford

The poem Travelling through the Dark is written by William Stafford. In this poem, the poet has tried to indicate a great tension, between two realities to systems of life. In another sense we get great struggle between thought and feelings. Sometime we come to face the state when we do not become able to decide take the decision and find ourselves in a great dilemma.

According to the poem, the protagonist was travelling at right. At the Wilson River Road, he saw a dead dear which was recently killed. He thought that it would be better two throw the dead body in the stream because in the turning, the dead body could cause several accidents. As he tried to drag the dear, he realized that it was doe and she was pregnant. As he touched by side of the doe, he came to know that her fawn was steel alive but never to be born. The protagonist hesitated and immediately could not make any decision. He observed the circumstances and surroundings and the impact of the death of the doe. At last he pushed the dead doe into the river.

            Here we get a great tension created by the dead doe. In the beginning the protagonist thought that he could clear the path by throwing the dead body of the doe. But her pregnancy and the alive fawn made him confussed in such a state and thus, we get here a great tension between thought and feelings.

A Story

-Dylan Thomas

A Story is written by Dylan Thomas. It is a humorous story and it has tried to present the perspective of a child towards grownups. This story is divided into three parts. First part is about uncle and aunt, Second part is about uncle's friends and the third part is about the outing. The outing was planned to go to Porthcawl by Charabanc.

According to the story, the boy says that he was living with his uncle. His uncle was very fat, talkative, drunkard and the dirty. On the other hand his aunt was very short, less talkative and did not like his uncle's going for an outing. On day his uncle's friends come to inform about an outing to Porthcawl. His uncle’s friends Benjamin Franklyn, Will Sentry, Noah Bowen, Weazley were all funny. They always joked with one another. They had decided to go for an outing. His aunt became very angry. She come with a china dog and threatened her husband of going to the father's house. When the day of outing came, all the friends got into charabanc and even the boy also got into the coach. On the half way, they realized that one of the friends was left. They came back and received him. Again one of the members said that he forgot his teeth. But they continued. After a short drive, they reached near a bar and stopped the charabanc. All of them got in to the bar except the boy. After aomwtimes they become drunk and started breaking the grasses as well as plates. After sometimes his uncle was fully drunk and brought in solders by the friends. Again they started the journey towards Porthcwal. But they could not reach rather they stopped charabanc near a river and all of them went in the river but did not reached to their destination.

This story presents a kid’s perspective towards the adults. The events have been presented humorously. 

The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship

- Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

The story The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship is written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. It is about an ordinary boy growing into an assertive young man. This story is written in the stream of consciousness method.

According to the story, the boy used to sit near the seaside at night. One March night, he came to see an enormous ship. It was ninety-seven times longer than the village and twenty times taller then the steeple of the church. It was soundless and lightless. It also was moving in zigzag way. It came near a large cliff, hit again it, broke into pieces and sank to the button of the sea. The boy thought that it was an illusion. But the next year the boy saw the same ship in the same condition during the March night. He told his mother about the ship but she did not believe. His mother used to remember is father sitting in the same chair which had become very old. So the boy requested the mother to change the chair. The boy and his mother went to the next island to buy a chair. On the way back to the house the boy pointed out the spot where the ship used to sink. As the chair was brought a misfortune occurred in the life of the boy. His mother including other four women died who sat on the chair. The villagers said that it was a wretched chair and so they threw it into the sea. The boy became helpless and survived on eating he stolen fish and on the other resources. The next year during the month of March, the boy saw the same ship. This time he tried to call the villagers to see the ship. But before the villagers came, the ship had already sunk down. The villagers scolded and beat the boy for disturbing their sleep.

The boy determined to show the ship to the villagers. So when the boy came to see the ship, he stole a boat and went towards the sea with a lantern. He knew that the ship disappeared in the light. As he showed the lamp to that ship, it started to fallow him with a loud noise. The boy rowed the boat towards village. The ship produced a huge sound. The sound made the villagers wake. They were very much amazed to sea such a big ship. They realized that the boy was right. At this stage, the boy’s determination was fulfilled. Thus, he came to say ‘Now they are going to see, who I am.’

In this way, the story is about a young boy’s determination regarding to prove whatever he had said, was right, the writer has used stream of consciousness method.

God's Grandeur

            -G. M. Hopkins

The poem God's Grandeur is written by G.M Hopkins. This poem is about the greatness of god. But human beings are ignoring to the greatness of the god.

According to the poem, the poet says that this world is filled with the greatness of god. Its greatness will flame out for the ages. The god’s greatness is gathered like the ooze of oil. In spite of that, human being, are totally indifferent towards god several generations have ignored the god. All of them are busy with their own business and struggle. Human beings have been fully unaware towards god. Due to being naked regarding a human faith towards god, they don’s know that the god needs to cared. Whatever activities human beings do, the god never becomes angry at them. He knows that all human beings are having faith towards god though they are not caring to the god at the moment but in the days to come, human beings will dedicate towards god. That will be a spring day on human faith. With enthusiasm god cares human beings and looks after the whole world as hen cares its chicken.

In this way the given poem appreciates the greatness of god and with the belief that one day human beings will turn towards god. The given poem is in the sonnet form.

I Have a Dream

Martin Luther King, Jr.

One hundred years ago, President -Lincoln declared that the slaves in the United States of America were free, but the Negroes (black people) in America are still not free. Negroes are not allowed to go to the same places as white people and Negroes are still very poor.

The Constitution of the U.S.A. promises that all men have the right to live freely and to try to be happy. The Constitution was a written promise, like a check from a bank which promises to pay money. America has not kept its promise to Negroes. We [the 200,000 people in the crowd] have come to Washington, the capital of the U.S.A., to say that the promises made in the constitution should be met now. America will not operate normally until these demands are met.

It is important to make these demands without using violence. It is also important not to distrust all white people, because there are some whites who support the Negroes, and who are helping them get equal rights.

We want the police to stop beating Negroes. We want Negroes to be able to stay in every hotel in the country. We want Negroes to be able to improve their position in society, to be able to vote and to have Negroes to vote for.

You must go back to your homes and work for change.

I have a dream that one day all people will be treated equally, that Negroes and whites will sit down together like brothers and that everyone will be free. I have a dream that my children will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by their actions.

If America is to be a great country, all people in all the different places must be free. All people, of all colours and religions must be able to join hands and sing together, "We are free at last!"

Women’s Business

                 -Lydia E. Pinkham

This essay is about some women from the United States of America who have been successful in business. The women were not just businesswomen, however. They did things to make people better educated about the issues and problems facing women. They also did things to help other people. However, their interest in making money was usually more important than their interest in improving society. Many of the women used advertisements which were incorrect. For example, Lydia E. Pinkham, who was in favour of stopping people from drinking alcohol, sold a product that was, itself, as alcoholic as whiskey or raksi.

The women mentioned are:

Lydia E. Pinkham: In 1879 Lydia Pinkham was selling a medicine that she had invented herself. It was called Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound. Her advertisements claimed this medicine could cure a many different faced by women. Such as –infertility, falling of womb, hysteria, nervousness etc.

Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden: These two women were rivals. They sold make-up. They were also married to rich and famous men from Europe.

Margaret Rudkin: She began to sell healthy food that she first used to help her sick son.

Jennie Grossinger: She owned a successful hotel.

Gertrude Muller: She sold things to help people look after their babies. She put small books explaining her ideas in the packages of the things she sold.

Annie Turnbo-Malone: She was a black American.   She sold a chemical making hair look nice.   She also began a school to train people how to use her products. She said this school was for the improvement of black people.

The Children Who wait

Marsha Traugot

Children who cannot be looked after by their real parents or family can be adopted by other people. Adopted children become part of the new family and are brought up by that family in the same way as other children. Adoption is a legal, process. The child becomes the legal son or daughter of the new (adoptive) parents.

Foster care

Children who do not have a family can be looked after by the government or by an NGO. This is called foster care, and children usually live in a foster home with other children who do not have families. Usually the government tries to have these children permanently adopted by other families. (The traditional name for a foster home was an orphanage.)

Summary

This essay describes what is happening to children in the United States who do not have parents. These children need to be adopted by other families. In the past, no-one wanted to look after handicapped children or children who had emotional problems. Today, many people are happy to adopt these difficult or handicapped children. One important reason for this, is that many different types of families want to adopt children. For example, a man living by himself might be happy to adopt a fifteen year old boy who is badly behaved, and religious people might want to adopt a handicapped child.

When it is not easy for the government to find people who want to adopt a particular child, they put advertisements on television and in newspapers. These advertisements often help a child find a new home.

A Child is Born

by Germaine Greer

This essay is very controversial. Most people disagree with some of the ideas expressed by Germaine Greer in this essay. For example, she states that is better for a woman to give birth in a traditional way, and die, than to use modern medical techniques and live. She also suggests that modernizing childbirth is undesirable because that will cause a population explosion.

There is a strong danger that this essay will encourage the continued use of unhealthy and dangerous practices.

In traditional societies there are different methods of having babies. These methods are useful because they make having a baby less frightening for the pregnant mother. There are rules (rituals), that make having a baby less frightening. If the pregnant woman follows the rules, for example by saying the correct prayers, she is likely to feel in control of the delivery of the child.

Even in the West, pregnant women follow rituals, and hospitals sometimes make mistakes.

When women give birth in traditional ways they, or their babies, are more likely to die.

In many societies, when women marry they go to live in the house of their husband's mother. Often these women are not fully accepted by the new family until they have had a child. Many people in the West think the treatment of women in traditional societies is cruel and wrong. Some Western experts even give lectures at conferences describing how bad the lives of women in traditional societies are.

In traditional societies the relationship between a mother and her child is more important than the relationship between a woman and her husband. The relationship between the child and its grandparents, aunts and uncles is also very important in many societies.

Women who have babies are rewarded. They receive a lot of attention and often the woman is allowed to return to her own mother's house when she has a baby.

The Tell-Tale Heart

by Edgar Allan Poe

Summary

Paragraph 1 The story-teller says that people will think he is crazy. But he says that he is not crazy. Crazy people cannot tell their stories calmly. But he can tell his story calmly, so he is not crazy. The story-teller feels nervous and he can hear everything, even things that other people cannot hear.

Paragraph 2 The story-teller lives in a house with an old man. The old man is nice to him and he likes the old man. But the old man has a pale, blue eye that is like the eye of a bird. He hates the eye, so he decides to kill the old man to get rid of the eye.

Paragraph 3 Before he killed the old man the story-teller was very nice to him. Every night at midnight he went very quietly to the old man's room. He opened the old man's door slowly and quietly put his head inside the room. And then he would very quietly turn on the lamp. The story-teller did the same thing for 7 nights, but the old man's eye was always closed. He wanted to get rid of the eye, but he couldn't kill the old man if he couldn't see the eye. In the morning the story­teller acted normally so that the old man wouldn't know that he wanted to kill him.

Paragraph 4 & 5 On the eighth night at midnight the story-teller did the same thing. But this time when he turned on the lamp he made a sound and the old man woke up. The old man sat up in his bed and asked who was there.

Paragraph 6 & 7 The story-teller stood quietly for an hour. The old man did not go back to sleep. The old man was very afraid. He knew someone was in his room.

Paragraph 8 & 9 The story-teller turned on the lamp and saw the old man's eye. He became angry when he looked at it.

Paragraph 10 & 11 The story-teller could hear everything, so he could hear the beating of the old man's heart. The sound made him feel even more angry. The sound became louder and quicker. The story-teller became worried that the neighbors would hear the noise made by the old man's heart. The story-teller made the lamp light bright and yelled. The old man also yelled. The story-teller threw the old man on the floor and put the heavy bed on top of him. The sound of the heart stopped, so he knew the old man was dead.

Paragraph 12 & 13 Then the story-teller cut the body into pieces and hid them under the wooden floor.

Paragraph 14 At 4 am the police came. The neighbors told the police that they had heard a yell come from the house. The police wanted to look inside of the house to see if something bad had happened.

Paragraph 15 The story-teller told the police that the old man was staying in the country and was not at home. He said that he had yelled because of a bad dream. The police searched the house but didn't find anything. Then they all sat in the old man's room and talked. The story-teller sat on the floor above where he had hidden the old man's body.

Paragraph 16 & 17 The police didn't think anything bad had happened. They just sat and talked. The story-teller began to hear the dead man's heart. The sound got louder and really bothered him.

Paragraph 18 Because the story-teller couldn't stand the sound of the heart he told the police what he had done and where the body was.

Hansel and Gretel

By: Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm

Summary

Hansel and Gretel lived with their stepmother and their father. Hansel was a boy and Gretel was a girl. Their father was a woodcutter and they lived near a forest. The family was very poor and did not have enough to eat. One night Hansel and Gretel heard their parents planning to leave them in the forest to save food. The woodcutter did not want to leave his children in the forest, but his wife persuaded him.

When they went into the forest the next day, Hansel dropped shiny pebbles on the path. The children were left by themselves. However, when it was night, the moon made the pebbles shine brightly. Hansel and Gretel followed the trail of pebbles back to their home.

Some time later there was again no food. The woodcutter and his wife took Hansel and Gretel into the forest again. This time Hansel did not have any shiny pebbles, so he dropped small pieces of bread on the path. However, the birds ate the pieces of bread so Hansel and Gretel could not find their way home.

They were lost in the forest for 3 days. They became very hungry. Then they saw a house. It was made out of bread, cake and sugar, so they began to eat it.

An old witch lived in the house. She gave Hansel and Gretel lots of food, but then she locked Hansel in a small shed and made Gretel do lots of work. The witch wanted to eat Hansel and she was waiting until he got fat. However, Gretel pushed the witch into the oven. She rescued Hansel and the witch was burnt to death.

Hansel and Gretel tried to find their home. They came to some water but there was no boat to take them across it. However, they were carried across the water by a large white duck.

When they got home, they discovered mat their stepmother had died. They gave their father lots of jewels that they had taken from the witch's house and after that they were all very happy.

Hansel and Gretel

-Bruno Bettelheim

This text is an essay about the hidden meanings of the Hansel and Gretel story.  One message is that poverty makes people selfish.

According to Bettelheim, the story is really about the things that go on in children's minds.

For children, the Mother is the source of all food. When they grow up, children must learn to live separately from their mother. This is why they are left in the forest. But they return home because they are not yet old enough to live apart from their mother.

The children are left in the forest a second time. They try to solve their problems by concentrating only on food. They do not act like human beings but like hungry animals. This is why they eat the gingerbread house instead of using it for shelter.

The gingerbread house is also a symbol for the mother because the mother gives food to children.

Another message is that greed leads to destruction. The witch wants to eat the children who acted like greedy animals. It is only when they think and act like human beings that they manage to escape from the witch. In this way, the witch is also a symbol for the mother. At the beginning of life, children get food from their mother. Then the witch's behavior forces the children to start growing up and acting like adults.

The white duck that helps Hansel and Gretel get home is a symbol of a new beginning. The duck can only carry one child at a time and this shows that children must learn to live without their brothers and sisters.

Birds play an important part in the story. Children who read the story will believe that birds were controlling what happened to Hansel and Gretel.

When Hansel and Gretel return home, they have grown up. They can now help their father. The help they give is symbolized by the jewels. The family is not rich because they have money but because Hansel and Gretel have learnt to think and act like adults.

 The  Boarding House

-James Joyce

Mrs., Mooney and her husband had a butcher's shop (a shop where they sold meat). Her husband drank a lot of alcohol and spent all of their money. One night he tried to cut Mrs. Mooney with a big knife. So Mrs. Mooney left her husband, sold the butcher's shop and started a boarding house. Polly, her daughter, worked at the boarding house. Mr. Doran lived at the boarding house. He was having a love affair with Polly. Mrs. Mooney knew about the love affair, but didn't try to stop it. She wanted her daughter to marry Mr. Doran. Finally Mrs. Mooney talked to her daughter about the affair. Polly told her mother everything. Mrs. Mooney was happy about the love affair because Mr. Doran would have to marry her daughter. If he didn't marry her he would probably lose his job because everyone would know that he had done something bad. Mr. Doran didn't really want to marry Polly. He preferred to be free. His family would not like Polly. She wasn't very educated and did not speak English correctly. But he knew that if he didn't marry Polly he would lose his job and have to run away.

Mrs. Mooney talked to Mr. Doran. We (the readers) do not know what they said to each other. But we can guess that Mrs. Mooney told Mr. Doran that he had to marry her daughter and he agreed. While Mr. Doran and her mother were talking Polly dreamt about her future. 

Purgatory

-          W.B. Yeats

At the beginning of the play, the Old Man and the Boy are in front of an old house that has been destroyed. The Old Man tells the Boy to study the house. He says knew the house when people still lived in it.

The Old Man starts talking about the souls of dead people. He says that people who have done evil things do the same evil things over and over again after they have died. The boy thinks the Old Man is mad.

The Old Man says that he was born in the ruined house. His Mother, (the Boy's grandmother) was a rich woman who owned the house and a lot of land. She also owned an expensive race horse. The Old Man's Father looked after the horse. The Mother fell in love and married the Old Man's Father. Her family was against the marriage.

The Old Man's Mother died when the Old Man was born. She didn't know that Old Man's Father wasted all her money playing cards and on horses, alcohol and women,

 Because he did these bad things, the Old Man's Father destroyed the spirit of the house.

The Old Man says he never went to school but that he was taught by the priest and the wife of a servant. The Boy complains that the Old Man hadn't sent him to school, but the Old Man says the Boy did not deserve to go to school because he was the son of an unmarried, low-class woman.

When the Old Man was sixteen years old, (the same age as the Boy in the play), the Old Man's Father burnt down the house when he was drunk.

The Boy says he has heard stories that the Old Man killed his father in the burning house. The Old Man says this is true. He killed his father with the knife

he is now using to cut his food. He was not arrested for the crime because the body was so burnt it was impossible to prove it had been stabbed. After the murder, the Old Man ran away from the house to become a travelling seller.

The Old Man says, "Listen to the hoof-beats! Listen, Listen."

He says that it is the anniversary (same day in the year) of his mother's wedding night, which was the same night he was conceived The Old Alan's Father is riding home from a bar with a whiskey bottle under his arm. The window of the house lights up and a young girl appears.

The Boy says he can see nothing. He says the Old Man is mad.

The Old Man continues to tell the story. The Old Man's Father has arrived at the house and has been met by The Old Man's Mother. They go into the marriage bedroom. The Old Man pleads with his mother not to let his father touch her. The Old Man does not want his mother to have a child. The child will be the Old Man, and the Old Man will kill his father. The Old Man explains that his mother must keep re-living her wedding night over and over again.

Meanwhile the Boy tries to rob the Old Man, but the Old Man catches him looking through his bag. The Boy says the Old Man has not given him a fair share of the money. The Old Man says the Boy would have wasted the money and they fight over the bag. At the back of the stage, a light comes on in the window. The Boy threatens to kill the Old Man.

The Old Man stares at the window and sees the ghost of his father. Then the Old Man kills the Boy with his knife. The light in the window goes off and the stage becomes dark.

The Old Man believes he has broken the cycle of violence. He killed the Boy because he didn't want the Boy to have a son. He thought any son of the Boy would also become a murderer.

He cleans his knife and begins to pick up his money. He hears horse hooves again. This indicates that his mother is still suffering in purgatory and that the two murders of his father and his own son have been for nothing. He cries out to God, asking him to release his mother's soul from purgatory.

Redefining the Civil Police Relationship: An Overview of Managing Bilateral Trust and Confidence

 Satya Narayan Sardar

Introduction

The national dailies focused on a news regarding a dual clasp between students and police on 13^th of Falgun at Chabahil on the issue of two students hit by a water tanker on the same spot two days back. The police tried to have control over the students who were trying to create chaos and terrify the commoners. As the police tried to have control over the situation, they had to use a simple force and that was blamed to have misused the authority. The students raised slogans even at Gantaghar against police.

Whoever was wrong, eventually the police came to be the target of the students because they tried to neutralize the issue. The Metropolitan police tried to have control over the chaos raised on the case and that created a fight between the students and the police. Was the clasp for revenge? Or catharsis or challenge to the authority? Obviously, to control the chaos and normalize the situation, police are moved. It doesn't mean that they want to present the tyrannical behavior nor they want to go against social norms and values. They are here to systematize and bring the situation under control so that the civilians could be able to run their routine smoothly.

This paper has been divided into five pars. In the first part I have tried give focus on the brief police history in the world as well as in Nepal.  The Metropolitan Police force was established on 29^th September 1829by Sir Robert Peen in London. That was the beginning of the police force in the world. The force was established to investigate crime and policing. The city was under terror and the concerned authorities tried to seek for the solution and the result was forming the force for security of persons and property. It was highly effective on those days to form the force. Everyone was excited regarding the formation.

So far as police history of Nepal is concerned, it was established during the Rana Regime as Milisiya, Thana Police Chauki, Office of the police Director General which later took the form of Nepal police. The formal establishment of Nepal police was done in 1952 in Kathmandu. The Inspector General of Police was Mr. Toran Shamsher Ja. Ba. Rana. This formation gradually took a grand shape in Nepal as the police force. Since then police force is working under the control of the state authority and acting as their right hands to implement any act and bring law and order in the state.

In the second part I have tried to focus on the public expectation from the police because everyone cannot be police and everyone cannot secure themselves. They need any state authority who could take charge to punish and reward as per the time demands. The criminals should be punished and the civilians should be given full confidence to live in peace and harmony. In the third part I have tried to find out some problems of police and public. Although the police were established to bring peace and harmony but we can find some events which do not fit for the police to be done. Due to such issues, there have been some gaps regarding police-public relationship. In the fourth part I have tried to redefine the needs and significance of police regarding public reach. The gap is increasing day by day and that has to be filled by any means. In the last part, I have tried to describe some more possibilities for bringing the police and public together again so that they could be able to walk together and bring prosperity and harmony in the state.

Policing History of the World and Nepal

The Metropolitan Police force was established on 29^th September 1829 by Sir Robert Peen in London. That was the beginning of the police force in the world. The force was established to investigate crime and policing. The city was under terror and the concerned authorities tried to seek for the solution and the result was forming the force for security of persons and property. It was highly effective on those days to form the force. Everyone was excited regarding the formation. Because everyone cannot be honest regarding living in the society and run their life under honesty. Some may try to create terror in the society to show their superiority. For that they try to violet the rules and regulations and norms values established for an ideal state. They challenge the state authority even in the various cases. To bring under the state rules and regulations, some force is essential. The conscious persons on those days were highly sensitive regarding bringing peace and harmony in the society. On those days, London city was developing various criminal activities. The concerned authorities were worried how to have control over it. A strong organization was essential even in 18^th century to maintain law and order which had been the public concern. In 1812, 1818 and 1822, Parliamentary committees were appointed in investigate the subject of crime and policing. But it was not until 1828 when Sir Robert Peel set his committee that the findings paved the way for his police Bill, which led to the setting up of an organized police service in London to control the organized criminal world.

So far as police history of Nepal is concerned, it was established during the Rana Regime as milisiya, Thana Police Chauki, Office of the Police Director General which later took the form of Nepal police. The formal establishment of Nepal police was done in 1952 in Kathmandu. The Inspector General of Police was Mr. Toran Shamsher Ja. Ba. Rana. This formation gradually took a grand shape in Nepal as the police force. Since then police force is working under the control of the state authority and acting as their right hands to implement the law and order in the state. The Police Act 2012 BS (1956 AD) came into effect. The Police Regulation, 2015 BS (1959) came into effect. The parliamentary Government under the multi-party system was adopted for some years which was followed by Panchayat System since 1960. The establishment of the Central Police Training Centre in 1963 was done. The role of police was focused mainly in safeguarding the interest if the ruling system. The Peoples democratic movement of 1990 reinstated the multi party democratic system. The new constitution of the kingdom was promulgated on Nov. 9.1991. The Police Reform Commission was constituted in the year 1992 and Modernization of the Police Organization started to tune with the aspirations of the people and norms of Multi-Party system. The first contingent of Police personnel was deployed in UN Mission in 1991. More than 2000 police personnel have already left their feet serving the international community in blue helmet.

Public Expectation

In every state, the security is provided by the police. They are expected to be anywhere where there is crime and chaos. Because everybody cannot be strong and go against those rioters. In that case, the presence of the police force is a most. The state forms certain norms as well as rules and regulations. The civilians cannot take weapons against those rioters but those rioters may have weapons. Not only that the public may not be allowed to use any weapon as well. In this regard, the authorized persons who can control the chaos are required. Even those rioters can be afraid of those authentic persons who have got state power to use. Similarly, everyone expects to earn and save some property for the future as well as the next generation. But they themselves cannot protect those properties. For the security as well the police force is required. To be safe and secured in various conditions, the commoners need the state security that can be given by the police. Therefore, for the social security as well as overall protection, police force is required. Similarly, to deter the criminals and make they realize the presence of the state authority and maintain the law and order in the state and provide psychological security, the force is inevitable. To make people feel secured the state has to play a vital role on the behalf of the force. Overall, the police force is required for every citizen to feel free live happily in a state. And the state authority doesn't leave any gap regarding maintaining the targeted goal.

"Role" -- this is a sociological term that allows us to talk about the characteristics of various people and things without reference to the actual people involved. An example of a role is the wheel that spins in the mouse cage. A status is the mouse. It doesn't matter what kind of mouse you put in the cage; the fact it has a wheel means that spinning is the kind of behavior we would expect in that role. Police have accumulated several roles ("wheels") over the years that they cannot shed or have extreme difficulty shedding. It's hard to exit a role. Here's some examples: (1) Unquestionable Use of Force - this role was first suggested by the criminal justice scholar Egon Bittner. It means somebody in society has to play the role of "bully" you can't talk back to - it's unquestionable or indisputable authority. Police don't have to give you any explanation or take any guff off you when they're using force or pretty much engaged in getting down to business; (2) Information Gathering - this role was envisioned and implemented by J. Edgar Hoover, head of the FBI. Although society has its national security agencies, nobody is better positioned in society, with the technology, with the know-how, and with the experience, to start collecting domestic intelligence information, if they wanted to. Police cannot help collecting more information on citizens than they have a right to know.  Information gathering has just been a natural part of their role.

"Function" -- This is another sociological term that refers to something that has survival value for society or an organization. Police have two kinds of functions: intended and unintended. The unintended functions may resemble roles and, in fact, may be the cause of them, but it's the intended functions (that police may not admit, but are only slightly aware of) that concern us. Here's a list of police functions: (1) Morals Enforcement - the oldest function in police history, shared with religion; a lot of law enforcement is about morality; (2) Class Control - it's been said that outside of Alcoholics Anonymous, there's no better enforcer of middle class values than the police. They're all about giving their best service to the upwardly mobile middle class. The rich don't need them; they have their own security. And, the police have never been useful in fighting poverty or uplifting the poor in any society. No, police are a middle class institution, and they preserve the class lines very well; (3) Riot Control - everybody knows that you don't use military force against your own citizens, that's what the police are for; (4) Order Maintenance - this is the "Woodsy the Owl" idea of "policing" your picnic area before you leave. It's the "order" part of "law & order". It refers to the nonarrest things police do, like give advice, warnings, or assist with graffiti and litter removal. The police function here is to "beautify" society, if you will. It's the basis of the modern community policing movement; (5) Safety - this is the "green cross" job of making sure that accidents don't happen. The police would love nothing better than to farm out their traffic safety duties to some other agency, but we can't seem to get those meter maids and crossing guards organized into a profession. It's only an historical accident, anyway, that the police took over traffic safety in 1911 because they came up with the idea of street lights; (6) Service - "Whom are you calling?" Who else besides the police are there 24/7 to answer every emergency or assist you with directions if you get hungry in the middle of the night. (7) Crime Fighting - This function is so closely tied up with image and ideology that it's hard to even have a serious discussion about it, but it's supposed to be neutral.

"Mandate" -- Despite what many in policing believe is the meaning of this term, which can be strictly interpreted as mission objectives or required tasks to be carried out, this is also a term that combines the idea of what the law requires the police to do with a vision of the future, as police help to bring about that future.  Probably the most important mandate for law enforcement in general is to uphold their honor and dignity, no matter what else they are tasked to do. 

"Style" -- This is a term that gets at how well a person or agency copes under stress. Later on, we learn all about individual styles, but more important is the notion of departmental styles, and how we can classify police agencies by the secrets they reveal under stress.  Style is also established by the demographic characteristics of the population a police agency serves.  Hence, we can easily say that federal policing has no "watchman" or community policing style since federal agencies serve too broad a demographic population.  Cities tend to get the police style they deserve. 

"Issue" -- This is a term for anything trans-jurisdictional. There's no such thing as a local issue. All issues are at least national in scope. C. Wright Mills in The Sociological Imagination said that an issue is a threat to mores.  I'm not a sociologist of mores, but I'd say something becomes a police issue when it involves ethics.

"Problem" -- I'll defer to Sociology for a definition of this term, but my understanding of it is that a social problem is something that people believe needs to be changed. The police problem exists when the police think it's right to do one thing, and the public thinks it's right to do another thing.

"Image & Ideology" -- The word "image" is the public relations spin that an agency puts out. It's pretty much synonymous with words like "mystique" or "aura."  The word "ideology" refers to a belief in something as true when it's actually false, or at the base of it, false. Ideologies are created by putting a positive spin on something negative. Ideologies also always rest on a lie. It's the opposite of the word "institution" because anything that reaches the level of social institution must rest on a kernel of truth, at least according to the great sociologist, Durkheim.

·                                 "Socialization & Personality" -- Socialization is the internalization of norms, when an employee takes on all the attitudes, beliefs, and values of the organization, there are two approaches to the study of police personality: (1) the predispositional approach - before coming to police work, the employee has strong core elements at the center of his/her personality, like a cabbage; (2) the socialization approach - once coming into police work, the employee loses whatever center they had, and whatever was at their core is replaced by reflections or layers of organizational norms, attitudes, beliefs, and values, like an onion.

Problems of Police-Public Relationship

It has been specified that police force is required to maintain harmony, law and order in the society. In some cases we can find that the police are lacking this status. Police are found themselves violating the rules and regulations. Whether we talk about the world aspect or the local, we can find from the history that they are involved in illicit behavior. In the name of the power holder some were and are found misusing their powers. In remote areas, police are found involving in collecting protection money, and even involved in kidnapping (the concerned persons have been penalized in the terai area). Not only that how can we forget about a rape case of a lady police officer who has charged a writ against some of the police personnel? Similarly, during Maoist insurgency, we could find many examples of illicit behaviours of police on those areas where people depended on police. In stead of making them feel of secured, people were afraid of police. That forced them to go against police force and created dissatisfaction among people.  So it has been essential to check and balance for the police force as per given.

Internal control systems can be defined in general terms as core values, processes and mechanisms through which police authorities regulate and guide the daily activities of

their institutions and confront individual acts of wrongdoing. They also offer an important line of defense against corruption and abuse in a police force and provide a key measure of police authorities’ will to hold their personnel accountable for abuse and other misconduct or inappropriate behavior and by so doing promote positive relations with the community. When effective, internal controls systems can assist in analyzing and changing the regulatory and management systems and practices of the

police to refine their capabilities and improve their performance, both in their effectiveness and ethics.

It is usually only when the police are being vilified by the press for egregious violations of human rights such as extra-judicial killing or when the victim is a prominent person that you mostly hear about their internal disciplinary systems. On those occasions the police would either dismiss such erring officers from service or quickly convoke orderly room trials ostensibly to douse public anger against the activities of its officers. While it could be argued that the number of police officers investigated or disciplined for acts of misconduct has greatly increased since information or statistics on culprits, their offences and the processes through which they were disciplined are hardly available in the public domain. The list of the individuals is only provided reactively and on an ad hoc basis when the police come under severe public criticisms for not doing much to bring its erring members to book. Furthermore, you cannot simply work into a police station and get statistics on complaints or even commendations that officers have received in the course of their work within a given period. You usually have to apply and go several times before they would be made available to you, if at all they do.

Redefining the Needs of Police

The citizens need police for the various purposes. They not only can be used for just giving the security but also for some creative works. They can be used for developmental aspects in the society and even creative phenomena. In various countries we have already seen that the police are used for road construction. If the state goes in complete peace and harmony, they can be obviously used with coordination with the people regarding various purposes. The public-police coordination will bring a core goal and it will really bring keen relationship between police and public. It will certainly develop bilateral relationship. Similarly, the police can be used in the nation building and social motivational factors. As the police are found involved in some illicit activities regarding those acts, the public should be reassured so that they could be confirmed about how to behave with the police. In some of the countries, police are used for recreational activities as well as they are used for the public awareness. They can also be used in the society regarding social building.

What more can be done?

On those areas where police have left a negative impact among people, a new plan has to be brought. Such plan should be accomplished in both police-public partnership so that the faith towards police of the public will be reestablished. Not only that whatever wrong aspects regarding state affairs have been done, those should be clearly stated even if not, under the norms and values of the police, the minimum information should be allocated. The media campaign is the essential factor at the moment. The good deeds of the police from the past till date should be brought frequently so that whatever negative impacts are there in people about them can be re-corrected.

Conclusion

This paper examined police community relations and identified structural and institutional factors that militate against harmonious and friendly relations between the police and the communities they serve. At the structural level the paper argued that the oppressive and exploitative economic, social and political system in the country created a wide gulf between the citizens and the rulers. The police enforcement of the unpopular and repressive laws enacted by rulers engenders conflict between them and the people. The high level of hostility between the police and the larger segment of the society who are needy and vulnerable should be cohered.

The involuntary nature and scope of contact between the police and the public was also identified as a major source of friction between the police and the public. The restrictive contacts between the police and citizens against the background of the country's political and economic structures contributes to or escalates mutual hostility between the police and citizens, which occasionally results into misunderstanding. The following recommendations are offered steps as that should be taken by the  government, the police and civil society groups to improve and ensure positive police community relations:

1. The country must restructure its political and economic structure towards democratizing the polity, and promoting economic efficiency and competitiveness  with due consideration for and guarantee of social equity and welfare, especially  in the provision of health, education and housing for the needy.

2. The Leadership of the police needs to make police discipline a national functional policing priority and it needs to start from the top. The importance of leadership as a driving force for culture change in policing institutions has long been identified. In  this regard, the police hierarchy should see disciplinary system as a tool for achieving their values, mission and vision. Disciplinary system can be used proactively to promote a new culture and establish minimum standards for the police as a whole. The system could then be used not only to set clear standards

for the institution but could also be used in a fair and consistent manner to remove those police members who are undermining the transformation and effectiveness in the state.

3. The police code of conduct contained in the Police Act should be reviewed. This review should seek to reduce the rather lengthy to code to size that could easily be memorized and internalized by police officials. It should emphasize the service nature of police and incorporate standards contained the United Nations Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials as well as drawn inference from the more recent guidelines on the conduct of police.  

4. The police leadership needs to streamline the unusually high number of disciplinary mechanisms that presently exist in the force, as they make their work not only ineffective through unnecessary duplications but also create problems in tracking police personnel that are processed through them. Since the three bodies are involved in processing cases of police misconduct and abuse of human rights. Similarly, the tendency of successive IGPs to establish their own ad hoc mechanism for dealing with police abuse such as corruption and human rights

violation should be stopped as they create coordination problems and tend to undermine existing mechanisms. Rather such extant mechanisms should be assisted with resources and personnel to make them more effective.

5. Processes for receiving complaints should include mandatory record keeping and tracking systems to provide some protection against police efforts to dismiss or cover up complaints. Any process by which complaints are screened in order to evaluate which merit a full investigation must be open to public scrutiny to assure that dismissals are valid. Similarly the complaints process should provide guarantees for the security for the complainant against any potential threats or reprisals. The police must also make clear that they will punish any effort to

intimidate or retaliate against complainants.

6. The scope of contacts between the police and citizens should be enlarged to include social services delivery by police and regular non law enforcement related meetings should be held with communities in order to create favourable environment for public cooperation with police, in their law enforcement duties.

7. The pace and scope of the on going police reform process with emphasis on community partnership and problem-oriented policing strategy should be increased and vigorous public enlightenment campaign about the programme should be launched in collaboration with civil society groups in the country for members of the public to know what it is all about.

8. Finally, civil society organizations need to create programmes, activities and measures that will enhance partnership and cooperation between the public and police. Additionally, the organizations should empower citizens to ensure police accountability and effectiveness in their service delivery functions. Civil society groups can promote these through the mobilization of the public in support of police legitimate efforts as well as the mobilization of citizens against abuse of authority/power, brutality and violence, insensitivity incivility and ineffectiveness by police. Civil society institutions should maintain a strong monitoring, research, training and advocacy capacity on police work in the country.

Needs and Challenges of Public Colleges

By-Satya Narayan Sardar

Introduction

The development process in every country derives from the interface between policies and their implementation, which in turn depends on the quality of governance. Good governance ensures the proper framework for the citizens for their optimal benefits. Nepal’s efforts for administrative improvement began only after the early 1950s. The recommendations of the Buch Committee and Administrative Reorganization and Planning Commission (ARPC) were the major endeavors for initiating an improvement in the administrative system in those days in Nepal. Despite ARPC recommended for the establishment of Institute of Public Administration for providing education on administrative science and imparting training, the process began only in the late 1960s.

Initially, public administration education was started with one-year diploma in public administration together with imparting in-service training for HMG Second Class Gazetted Officers under Center for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) of the Tribhuvan University. Later in 1976, Public Administration Campus (PAC) - a full fledge constituent campus of the Tribhuvan University was established. PAC was assumed the sole responsibility for education for public administration and undertook "Diploma in Public Administration" (DPA Program until 1979). The mission quickly evolved to include offering Master degree in Public Administration in 1979. To upgrade and get more independent status, the Tribhuvan University has created Central Department of Public Administration (CDPA) in 1986. Since then PAC/CDPA has been imparting education, training and conducting research in the area of public affairs management.

Sole Tribhuwan University was not able to conduct the whole academic programme on the complete involvement of the government and thus, the public affiliation was given to the various campuses in the various time and periods. The aim of those colleges was and is to impart the education based on the curriculum of the Tribhuwan University. Various campuses have been successful to achieve the goal in the various time frames. For the last few years, the public campuses have been facing several challenges due to the liberal policy of the university. As several private institutions have been emerged, in stead of providing the quality education with accessible fee for all, it marched towards expensive and privatized education system. It really brought a great gap between the public campuses and private campuses. The gap is, day by day, increasing and bringing a great distinction between the scholars of these two types of campuses.

Needs

Nepal is filled with several villages with three regions- Terai, hill and mountain. The number of the dwellers is deprived of the fundamental needs including education and even employment opportunities. They cannot even manage the sufficient fund for their children. They are deprived of the quality education. Those students, though, come to good colleges but cannot adjust nor compete with the students who come from the private schools. They are anyhow inclined to get the higher education not on those highly equipped and well furnished and sophisticated colleges. In those areas we cannot get the facilitated colleges. For the people of those regions, the public colleges are only the option. In spite of the fact that those colleges are not so highly sophisticated, the students try to abide with those students who are really competitive and some how perfect in grabbing the opportunities of the any concerned field.

On the another hand, the poverty plays a vital role to stay those students in such places and gain the education as per provided by the concerned colleges because they have to be educated and be eligible for at least applying for any post. In this regard, the public colleges play a vital role to enable the students to come up to level and compete with the strong rivals. And thus, the public colleges are really desired to be for such scholars who are away from the main stream and though they have the caliber to compete. For such aspect, the public colleges have a great contribution nowadays. In spite of the fact that private colleges are far ahead, they are still required for the nation building. Because the scholars produced from most of the private colleges are found going abroad for the further studies and even employment. Though public colleges are producing maximum medium leveled manpower and they are highly dedicated in nation building.

Challenges

In the competitive context, public colleges are somehow far behind from the private colleges. In every sector private college students are ahead and they are grabbing every opportunity. Whether we talk about IOM or IOE, everywhere the students from private colleges are ahead. To compete in such circumstances, the public colleges have to come forth with various strategies such as competitive students, manpower, schooling atmosphere and so on. Complete English atmosphere is another challenge for the public colleges. Public awareness is burning aspect to be brought in them. Everyone runs after enabling the children for grabbing the opportunities available. That atmosphere should be created by the public colleges so that the students could be attracted towards such colleges. It is

obvious that the colleges cannot provide quality education in such less amount nor can hire highly qualified teachers. For the few years, the public colleges have been place for the political practices. It has really brought a great fall in the quality of the colleges. Therefore, the public colleges should be completely free from political interference and should be regarded as independent institution for the scholars. That really will bring a good atmosphere for good scholars and that surely will bring a drastic change in the status of the public colleges. So far as the fee structure is concerned, the government should strongly implement certain criteria so that those private colleges can be controlled and students may not find differences in those colleges. Even the funding from the government sector for these college is required so that the infrastructure would be strong and students would be automatically motivated towards these colleges.