Historical Significance of Veil among Ethnic Communities

 

There are a lot of such trends going on in the communities that we can be viewing but may not be known about its historical significance. Among them, veil is one which has been practiced for the ages among the ethnic communities. Veil has been regarded as an ornament for the women in the ethnic communities for the ages. It creates a boundary between male and female, as well as, females and her elder in-laws in the community. Even there is a restriction of verbal conversation between younger female in-laws and elder male in-laws. The in-laws are also restricted from the physical touch through any medium.

            The practice of veil did not exist just so in those communities. It has a great historical significance. That links with the time of the Muslim emperors of India. During the time of the Muslim emperors, their armies attacked and looted the villages and raped the women. The ethnic communities which lived peacefully and happily were tortured frequently by the armies of the emperors. They were forced to leave their home lands and move to an unknown place. Even they began to live in the forest area. On those areas also, the ethnic communities were attacked and looted. Whatever they did, they did not get the ultimate shelter. The most unsecured were females. They were frequently raped and kidnapped.  The people were completely harassed. Eventually the women from the same Muslim community moved to the villages convincing that Muslims had had one infirmity.

            Those Muslim women told the gullible ethnic community that the Muslims did not accept the women with godna (tattoo). For that, those Muslim women told the ethnic community that they could help them save the females from the terrors of the Muslims. They began to carve godna (tattoo) in female bodies. The tattooed body was and is supposed to be impure for the Muslims and now also they do not accept any woman with tattoo in the body.  They also said that if the women put veil that would be a proper way to protect themselves from the Muslims.  The ethnic communities believed and began to put godna (tattoo) and even veil as well. It really worked in the communities and somehow females began to be safe from the terror of the Muslims. Later they came to face another trouble in the community within themselves.

            The adultery began to take place in the communities. The women began to be raped by their own family members and even other villagers. They tried a lot to control such acts in the society. But it came to be a useless act and eventually they called a mass meeting and formed certain rules. The decided that the females should keep the veil in front of senior males of their husbands and be away from them. They also decided that anyone who came in touch with the females of the junior males of the family, they would be punished or they both have to purify with pure water. It really worked and the adultery was controlled. Later it took as a form of practice among the ethnic communities. Females became confined within the veil and gradually they began to be regarded as the second graded members of the family. They were ignored from being involved in decision making acts in the family. It came to be a bane for the women and day by day they went backward.

            In most of the communities the veil practice is still in strong form. They do not want to remove it. In Tharu community, the veil is removed after some time of marriage and even after the birth of the first child. But to move the veil, the family must manage a feast for the villagers and during the time the woman is freed from the veil. That day onwards, she should not keep the veil. So far as Bantar community is concerned, in this community, the veil is still in strong practice. The C.A. member, Kabita Sardar, who belongs to the same community, says that the veil is the identity of the Bantar community and it should not be removed. But Tilai Sardar (65), an elderly member of the community says that the veil has dominated the females for the ages and to bring the females ahead, it must be removed and they should be given equal opportunity to express their status and that will bring them in the state of proper identity in the community. Until and unless they are brought forward, the community cannot develop because the society runs with the equal role of males and females.

            The veil was an obligation on those days for the females but as per the time changed, as the Tharu females are removing the veils, all the ethnic community should be able to remove it so that females will be able to identify themselves. If we go through the societies, we can find the women putting the veil everywhere. Only in the town effected area, it has been lessened. But in the remote areas of the Terai, this practice is still as a disease. They are forced to put the veil and whoever does not put the veil, they, in some places can be punished and penalized. Although the veil has bad history but it can be corrected by removing it from the females so that they could express and say something about their identity in the society.

 

Towards Interdisciplinary Education

 

Satya Narayan Sardar

 

 

Some American universities started programs like “Computer Assisted Language Learning” which required people of letters to learn computers. Departments of Humanities offered masters program in Mathematics, claiming that mathematics is no longer a strictly bracketed discipline of the grandchildren of  Newton or Adam Smiths. Psychology was made compulsory by some medical colleges. In our own days, some universities in Nepal accept graduates from any discipline for their MA and MPhil program in English, and results show, such ‘hybrid’ scholars often come to toppers.

          This is interdisciplinarity. If we take stock of research methodologies, the idea of transgression of disciplinary frontiers become even clearer. Departments of literature are borrowing research methodologies from strict social sciences like anthropology, the best example coming from New Historicist research agenda, which itself is tied up with history and politics. Literature too is heavily informed by sociological and even statistical methods, while sciences like “environmental science” look at literature for  the very veracity of its physical, intellectual and aesthetic connection with human life. Medical students all over the world go for compulsory linguistic and psychological training, and this reflects the realization of the fact that social-scientific paradigms are as necessary to a medical student to fare well, as is practical science. In the recent times, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, has started organising annual seminars with an aim to connect medicine and humanities, and it invites scholars from various walks of life, including literature, music, theatre and social work to deliver their experiences or read out their research papers. This is indicative of the growing realization that interdisciplinarity is the call of the time, and there is no moving ahead, unless disciplines collaborate.

          This is to say, disciplinary conservatism is at stake, and the stake is most pronounced in the globalized world. Of all messages given by globalization, one of the most important ones is that no country, no academic discipline, no civilization, no political model of development, no market and no individual can stand alone; all is an outcome of give-and-take. The same is true for academic disciplines. Those disciplines that cannot loosen their boundaries to lend and borrow, are destined to fall into disuse. And those practitioners who do not make their understanding porous, are destined to become dinosaurs.

          Studies all over the world show a huge slash in the departments of humanities, especially literature, that still stick to their own ‘purist’ models of research. Nepali Department at TU, for example, can hardly enrol a score of admission in its postgraduate programme today. Department of Culture, Buddhist Study and History suffer the same fate. Bindesh Dahal makes a sharp observation:

The studies of humanities suffer as students opt to join other streams. That is why many colleges in Nepal are phasing out humanities. Similar trend exists in universities worldwide. It seems the focus has shifted to business and vocational studies, which is understandable. Gone are the days when gaining education meant being able to introspect and ask existential questions. These days one has to be ‘saleable’ in the market. Education that ensures jobs with lucrative benefits is held high. Deliberation on ontological and epistemological meanings is considered unproductive. One has to learn the tricks of the trade in this ever-growing capitalist market-driven society for survival. (1)

Besides several other probable reasons, one of them is that these departments have patterned their research on some strict model, and their graduates, when they come of the universities, experience eclipsed form many newer dimensions of knowledge necessary to survive in the modern world.

          The calls to redraw disciplinary boundaries are not new. As early as the turn of the eighties in the twentieth century, voices were raised to loosen the boundaries of disciplines. The call started from the departments of literature thanks to their overt theoretical engagements. Theorists, all over the world, expressed their discomfort in letting themselves confined to the walls of a certain disciplinary expectation, because the nature of knowledge itself is multifarious and non-conformist. Literature departments, accordingly, started drawing contents from environmentalism, politics, medicine and trauma, conflict and peacekeeping, gender concerns, journalism and mass communication, sociology and anthropology, computer science etc. Lisa R. Lattuca writes:

Many of today’s interdisciplinary scholars are more revolutionary in their ideas and ideals and are eager to interrupt disciplinary discourse and to challenge traditional notions of knowledge and scholarship. In the sciences and related professional fields, such as engineering and medicine, interdisciplinarity is still largely instrumental. There is also a good deal of instrumental interdisciplinary work in the social sciences and humanities and in professional fields such as education, business, and social work. However, an increasing number of faculty in the humanities and social sciences pursue interdisciplinary work with the intent of deconstructing disciplinary knowledge and boundaries. (3)

 

This shift in the choice of content in the departments of literature forced them to revise their research methodologies and agendas. Soon, literary researches became computational, psychological, medial, eco-critical, behavioural, sociological, linguistic, anthropological, cultural, genetic, and what not!!  This should start right from the school, which, sadly is not yet happening, because, in most of the cases, the schools have been repeating and reproducing an ideology that more or less sides with conservative regimes or dominant social norms. Selakovich says, “Schools are not revolutionary agents of change but tend to support the political, religious, and economic values which exist in the society” (141).

The imaginations of the children shaped by our schools, is what lasts lifelong. Tozen et al claim:

Schooling plays an important role in teaching and legitimating a society’s ideology. The ideology served by the public school is almost inevitably the dominant ideology of the larger society . . . Schooling prepares people to 02- 15 participate in a society’s political economy and share its dominant ideology, but by doing so, it may further disadvantage those from the less-advantaged groups while contributing to the already privileged position of the more powerful. (2002, p. 10)

Interdisciplinary approach to education has its own merits. It does the best trick to shape an individual into a global citizen, who is informed with almost all the basics, and is made adjustable with many, apparently strange, areas of knowledge creation and sharing through experiences and research. Kathy Hall analyzes the advantages of interdisciplinary education:

Education policies and practices would benefit from being informed by the full range of perspectives on reading and this in turn suggests a need for interdisciplinary dialogue among reading researchers, teacher educators, policymakers, and education practitioners. These interested groups need to share perspectives on reading development so that they can at least acknowledge, and where appropriate integrate, perspectives from the existing knowledge base into their research and professional practices. (4)

The evolution of such interdisciplinarity has put many of our erstwhile assumptions in quandary. There was a time when people called for specialists with in-depth training in certain disciplines and branches of knowledge. Today, it does not suffice for an individual to get bracketed within the limits of a specialist. It is equally imminent for individual to get the ‘minimum’ or the ‘fundamental’ or the interdisciplinary education, which comes from every quarter of episteme. This leads to the development of a new global citizen who knows ‘something of everything and everything of something’. It might sounds something like the imagination of a renaissance man, but this is a fact, and our academic institutions should strive towards the development of such individuals by revisiting their curriculum, and by walking out of the cocoon of purist disciplinary confinements.

          Curriculum is the avenue to start with. The modern-day curriculum should examine an transnational impact, and should thus work to revolutionize pedagogy to mould global citizens. E. Thomas Ewing writes:

Understanding revolution and pedagogy requires interdisciplinary and transnational approaches that lead to a reconsideration of the social foundations of education. The authors draw upon a variety of disciplinary perspectives—education, history, anthropology, gender studies, political science, and folklore—each of which position subjects and structures at the center of analysis. While focusing on specific geographical regions, chronological periods, and thematic subjects, these chapters all address a broader set of issues that transcend these categories of space, time, and content. The interdisciplinary and transnational perspectives thus inform and are located in each chapter, while the accumulated effect of the collection offers new insights into the relationship between revolution and pedagogy.  (12)

Disciplines should, therefore, question directions and dimensions of their missions. There are no directions—in spatial sense—around a body of knowledge and skill today. There also are no fixed dimensions; they are flexible, and can be added or slashed with the change of time. Who studies what is more a matter of time’s call, and not merely a question of interest, inclination and passion. Unless the minimum is acquired, a person is less likely to have the capability to converse with the fast-changing world. For that reason, interdisciplinary approaches to integrated knowledge have evolved and developed, and is likely to evolve further in the days to come. At a time when the globe is becoming a village, and diverse cultures have started colliding in the same metropolis of market to eke life out of their discordant noises, it has become a fundamental necessity for a global citizen to become a polyglot, a multifarious being, and a renaissance man, albeit of a small magnitude. This is in consonance with the claim made by New London Group: “Changes to our working lives, our public lives, and our personal lives demand that individuals be flexible, multi-skilled negotiators across languages, discourses, and cultures” (14).

          Interdisciplanarity is, therefore, not only a fashionable approach of the modern times. It also is a survival strategies that will keep institutions thriving, and individuals performing.

 

Works Cited

 

Dahal, Bindesh. “Decline of Humanities Education in Nepal.” 3 March 2014.  

< http://www.educatenepal.com/article_archive/print_it/407> Accessed on 17 July 2019.

Ewing, E. Thomas. “Shaking the Foundations of Education: An Introduction to Revolution and Pedagody.” In Revolution and Pedagogy: Interdisciplinary and Transnational Perspectives on Educational Foundations. Ed. Thomas E. Ewing.  New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2005. Pp. 1-18.

Hall, Kathy. “Significant Lines of Research in Reading Pedagogy.” Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Learning to Read. Ed. Kathy Hall et al. New York: Routledge, 2010. pp. 3-16.

Lattuca, Lisa R. Creating Interdisciplinarity : Interdisciplinary research and Teaching among University Faculty. Nashvile: Vanderbilt Universty Press, 2001.

New London Group. “A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures.” In Multiliteracies: Literacy Learning and the Design of Social Futures. London: Routledge, 2000. pp 9–42.

Selakovich, Daniel.  Schooling in America. Social Foundations of Education. New York: Longman, 1984.

Tozer, Steven E., Paul C. Violas, and Guy Senese. School and Society. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.

 

 

In-Law’s House

Bholu came home and asked his mother, “Mom, where’ my in-law’s house?”

“Why do you ask such question today, Bholu?

“My friends are talking about In-Law’s house and dishes served there. So, I also want to go and enjoy there.”

What do they talk?”

“They say that they are served duck meat, pakauda curry and many more.”

“Is that so?”

“Yes.”

“Well, in that case go straight as per the tip of your nose and whichever village appears in front of you, that is your in-law’s village.”

“Thank you.” Saying this, Bholu prepared for his in-law’s house.

He started his journey towards his in-law’s house. Unfortunately a coconut tree stood on his way. He was confused what to do? Eventually he decided to climb over the tree so that he would not miss the direction. As he climbed, he did not get another branch to climb down. He hanged himself catching a leaf of the coconut tree asking a help. Meanwhile a mahout comes there training a wild elephant. Bhola asked him for help. The mahout disagreed saying that that was a new elephant to be trained and if he shook the tree, viewing the shade move, the elephant would run away. Bhola promised not to irritate the elephant. The mahout came under him and caught Bhola’s hanging leg. Before the mahout caught Bhola’s leg, he shook the tree. Viewing the shadow move, the elephant ran away.

The mahout kept hanging by Bhola’s leg.

Bhola told him to play the flute praising mahout’s talent in it. The mahout denied. Bhola warned to release by leaving the leaf. The mahout agreed and played the flute with single hand. After mahout finished playing the flute, Bhola released both hands and clapped and both of them fell down. The mahout yelled in pain and burst at Bhola.

But Bhola asked some coin from mahout so that he would bring some oil to massage his body. The mahout gave him a coin and Bhola went to buy some oil with a small lidless bottle. The shopkeeper gave him full bottle of oil. Bhola asked for some thapani. The shopkeeper told him that the bottle was full. Bhola turned the bottle upside down showing the small curved place to add. The oil got spilt. With little oil he returned to the mahout. Bewildered mahout asked about the oil. Bhola told him that that was only thapani. The full oil was in the bottle and he turned up and the remaining oil also was gone.

Bhola escaped from the mahout and ran away.

As he took way again, he found another tree in front of him. This time, he decided to knock down the tree with his nose. He began to hit the trunk with his nose but began to bleed. Meanwhile a pedestrian asked what he was doing. Bhola told him that he was trying to drop down the tree. The pedestrian told him, “Why don’t you continue moving right or left?”

“Is that so? Well in that case, I will follow your instruction.” Bhola responded and moved uttering the words, “Left right! Left right! Left right! Left right!”

As Bhola moved ahead, he found a group of trappers trying the trap the birds but it flew from one direction to another. The trappers’ several efforts had failed. One of the trappers heard the boy uttering “Left right! Left right! Left right! Left right!” and thought that he was a bad luck. He approached to him and slapped. Bola began to cry and asked why he was hit. The trapper said that several efforts had failed to trap the birds. Bhola asked what he could do. The trapper told him to utter, “Let two be stuck in a trap.” Bhola moved ahead uttering the same line.

He reached in a village that was engulfed in an epidemic. Many persons had lost their lives. There were lacks of people for funeral procession. So, two dead persons were being taken in only one coffin. Hearing the boy utter the line, let two be stuck in a trap, one of them came to him and slapped. Bhola began to cry and asked what to do. He told Bhola to utter, “Let it never happen at any cost.”

Bhola moved forward uttering the same line. As he reached in a village, he saw some people were digging well they had given full effort but there was no sign of pure drinking water. Standing in one corner, he kept uttering the line. One of the members heard him say so. He approached to Bhola and slapped him. In tears, Bhola asked what he could do. The man told to enchant the line, “Let it be fast, and very quickly.” Nodding his head, Bhola moved ahead. He eventually reached his in-law’s village.

He noticed that some of the houses were in fire. People were in panic and trying to extinguish the fire. One of the villagers saw Bhola uttering the line standing in a corner. Approached to Bhola and recognizing he asked what he was doing. Bhola asked what to do. He advised Bhola to put ashes wherever he saw the smoke. He took Bhola to his in-law’s house. He was given a warm welcome by his in-laws. Due to the panic situation, the in-laws could not manage delicious food. They served him the bamboo shoot curry.

Next morning, as he got up, he saw his father-in-law smoking hookah and throwing the smoke. Remembering the advice of the person last night, he took a palm of ashes a dead fire and put on mouth of his father-in-law. He was very badly injured. Everyone scolded him. Bhola ultimately ran away. 

He remembered the lines his friends had uttered before and remembering the last night’s dishes, he decided to memorize so that he could tell his friends. He thought for a while and prepared a line. “Instead duck meat, bamboo shoot; instead pakaura curry, curry of shoot.”

Memorizing and uttering, Bholu moved towards his house. Continuous uttering made him thirsty. He searched for drinking water. Meanwhile he happened to see a small pond and decided to drink water from it. As he tried to drink, he forgot the line.

He dived into the pond uttering, “I got lost, oh God; I got lost.” At the same time a porter came asked what he was doing. Bholu did not respond instantly. Later he told the porter that he lost a piece of gold. The porter asked him for the share and he agreed. The porter followed Bholu uttering the same line, “I got lost, oh God; I got lost.” After some time, Bholu farted inside water producing a bad odor. The porter said, “Oh no! what did you have last night; fart inside and smells like bamboo shoot.”

Bholu remembered the line; came out of the pond and ran towards his house uttering, “I got it; I got it.” The porter asked for his share but Bholu ran faster and faster and later began to utter the line, “Instead duck meat, bamboo shoot; instead pakaura curry, curry of shoot.”

 

Bread Chapatti

 Once there lived a poor couple in a village. They were very poor. They ran their life anyway doing the manual works and the wage out of it. One day, they got paid some wheat. They were confused what to do with the wheat. Eventually they decided to grind flour and make bread chapatti. The wife kept it in son to dry it. After some time, as it got dried, she went in the neighboring house to grind it.

That evening, she was very excited to make bread chapatti. When her husband came, she told her plan. But she did not know perfectly how to make the chapatti. Both husband and wife began to make chapatti. After a long effort, they became able to make five chapattis. On the dinner time, both claimed for extra one. Husband told her that the wheat was a wage given to him. So, one extra should for him. The wife said that she had spent the whole day preparing it. They did not agree even for two and half and two and half. They just claimed for one extra.

They kept debating the whole evening keeping the chapatti in a dish. By the midnight, they agreed in one point proposed by the husband. He said, “Let’s sleep without having it. And whoever wakes up late tomorrow, three will be for the same one.” The wife agreed.

Both of them went to bed without having the bread.

Next morning, both of them squinted at one another expecting the opposite partner will wake up early and the one would have one less. With the greed of having one extra chapatti, both of them slept till mid-day. Villagers were surprised and even shocked as well. The whole village was under a epidemic and many persons had lost their lives. The villagers were very busy after arranging the funerals for the dead persons during the epidemic.

All the villagers were in tragedy due to the death of several people. They were very busy. As they heard about the couple, the villagers thought that the couple were dead and decided to take them for the funeral procession. Both husband and wife were taken to the crematorium for the funeral. Two pyres were made and they were set for the funeral. There were only five members at the spot. Others had already to collect other dead bodies.

Meanwhile, the husband rose from the pyre and told his wife, “Well, dear wife, you won. You eat three and I will take only two.” Hearing this, the five members ran away from the scene as fast as they could. Husband and wife got down from the pyre with astonishment thinking what was going on there.

 

 

 

 

 

Gopi’s Trip

“Gopi, Gopi!”

“Yes Mom.”, he replied.

“Your father is working in the field since morning. He must be feeling hungry. Take this breakfast for him.” Handling a packet to him she said.

“Ok.”

“It’s late. Be quick otherwise you know his anger.”

“Sure, I will.”

He moved towards the field where his father was passionately waiting for the breakfast. Viewing Gopi coming slowly, his anger increased. As he approached near, father began to scold him.

“You stupid, other’s sons are helping their parents in every activity but being late teenager, you are just a roaming bird moving here and there. Do something for your parents and comfort us.”

He talked inside, “Don’t worry father, I will do something great and you will be proud of me one day.”

After father’s breakfast, he collected the buckets and moved towards home. As he reached home, mother asked if father was angry with him. He said that father did not like the vegetable because it was not delicious.

Mother asked, “What shall I do?”

Gopi said, “Father has said to prepare the meat of the black goat nicely.”

“Really?”

“Yes mom.”

“Ok, do the same then.”

It was a fat chance for Gopi. He slaughtered the goat and prepared the meat. The mother cooked deliciously and kept waiting. Gopi ate to his full tommy and kept waiting for the father to come. When the father arrived he asked the mother, “What is the item you have cooked now? Please serve me I am dying of hunger.”

“What? Didn’t you say to prepare the meat of the goat?” “I have do ne the same.”

“What? Where is that lazy boy? Call him; I will give a nice beating.”

Hearing this, Gopi ran away.

He kept moving and moving. After a long time, he reached near a small town. Two burglars saw the boy moving alone. He was wearing two silver bangles in both hands. The burglars approached to him and asked to give the bangles. He could not deny because he was alone and there was no one to help him. The burglars tried to pull the bangles out of his hands but failed. They tried a lot but could not.

Eventually they said, “We will cut your hands take it.” Gopi said, “Wait, let’s go to the town. There is a gold smith. I will tell him to cut it and give to you.” “That’s a good idea. Let’s go.”, said the burglars.

As they reached the town, Gopi said, “Both of you wait here. If you come with me, I will tell the truth about you and you can be arrested by the police. Wait here for me.” Both burglars agreed. He went to a nearby hotel and asked the owner if he needed any servant. He said he needed. Gopi told the owner that he had two servants and he wanted to keep him there. The owner did not trust him. Gopi assured about the servants.

The owner asked, “How can I believe that they want to stay here and work?”

 “Trust me; both of them want to work.”

“Well, let me know from them.”

“Ok.” Shouting towards the burglars Gopi asked, “One or two?”

Burglars thought that the boy was asking about the bangles. They pointed together, “Both.”

“Ok boy, how much should I pay for them?”

Gopi said that they owed 5,000 rupees to his parents.

The owner of the shop paid Gopi the same amount. He took money and told the shop owner to bring them for work. As Gopi moved from there, owner’s workers went to the burglars and told them to join the work. They were shocked when they came to know the reality. But Gopi had already run far away.

After a long walk, he found a tree and climbed on it and sitting on a branch of a tree, he began to count the money. Meanwhile, a horse rider came along the way and saw the boy with huge about of money. He shouted at him and asked where he got the money. Gopi said that at the top of the tree, there is a lot of money. He succeeded collecting that much amount of money.

The horse rider asked Gopi to get down the tree and catch the horse. He got down and caught it. The horse rider kept climbing the tree asking where it was. Gopi told him to climb much higher. He climbed as high as he could. At last, Gopi told him with scorn, “You stupid, can money be found at the top of the tree?” With these words, he got on the horse and ran away. Before he got down the tree, Gopi had run a long way.

He kept riding the horse and eventually reached near a flooded river. An elderly woman, with his daughter, was sitting anticipating someone to help them cross the river. As the old lady saw Gopi, she asked his help to cross the river. He looked at the girl. She was very beautiful. She looked at him too and blushed. He told the old lady that he would help but at first he would take the girl next side of the river. He asked her what the girl’s name was. The old lady replied, “Cheli.” The old lady asked what his name was. Gopi answered, “Jwai.”

Gopi decided to take the girl on his back of the horse and move ahead to cross the river. The girl did not oppose instead she happily rode on the horse. The old lady kept waiting on the bank of the river expecting the boy to come back and help her cross the river. When Gopi crossed the river, instead returning back to help the old lady, he took the girl and ran away.

The old lady kept yelling, “Help! Help! Help!”

Some people gathered and asked what the problem was. The old lady told in tears, “My Cheli has been taken away by Jwai. Someone help me to get my Cheli back.”

The villagers got amazed and asked, “What’s wrong. Cheli can be taken by Jwai. That’s very common.”

The old lady said, “She was everything for me. Please get her back.”

But the villagers thought the lady was out of mind and maybe the son-in-law took Cheli without her permission.

They dispersed.

With the girl behind his on the back of horse, Gopi reached in a village. He asked people for a safe shelter. But nobody answered positively. Eventually, an elderly person advised him to go to a farm house nearby. There was only an old caretaker with hearing disability. Gopi went to the farm house; met the old person and asked about the shelter. The old man asked them to say in loud voice informing his problem.

Both Gopi and the girl asked about the shelter and he agreed but in one condition that they had to prepare the food themselves.  Both of them agreed and began to live there.

After living some time, some villagers notices new couple in the village and came to inquire. They said that they were unmarried and waiting for the sacred moment for marriage. This event spread rapidly in the village. Many persons came to see them. Among them, some girls asked about their exact marriage date and time.

Gopi did not want to tell his problem. As the girls insisted, he said, “Dear Girls, we are not worried about the marriage but right now we do not have any jewelry and how could I marry her without it.” He looked at the girls and continued, “And you know very well that a bride only looks beautiful when she is jewelry and ornaments.”

The girls discussed and one of them said, “Well, we have some ornaments. We can lend you for your marriage. And after marriage, you have to give us back, it that ok?”

Without any delay, Gopi agreed.

The girls began to ask about the sacred time for marriage. Gopi agreed for the marriage next week. He began to prepare for the marriage. He asked village boys also to manage the things. After few days, the girls gave a lot of ornaments and jewelry to Gopi. He received it and thanked them.  

Next day the girls, who had given the jewelries and ornaments, came to Gopi and asked, “Actually, we do not know your name. Could you tell us your name?”

“Oh! My name, my name is Suesue.”

One of the girls said, “Suesue? What a funny name!?

Next day, there was marriage celebration. Villagers gathered and eventually both of them were married. The girls came to Gopi and asked him to return the ornaments and jewelries. Gopi told them with smile, “Today is our first marriage night. If girl comes into the room fully as bride, she will look most beautiful. So, I humbly request you all to leave the ornaments and jewelries for the night. I will return it tomorrow.”

Girls agreed and departed.

The girls arrived next morning but they were shocked because Bhola had disappeared from the farm house. One of the girls asked the caretaker, “Uncle, where is Suesue?”

The caretaker stared at the girls and asked instead, “You shameless girls, should I show bathroom to urinate?”

“No uncle, those boy and girl, who were married last day,” one of the girls asked.

“Oh! They moved to their house this morning.”

“Oh no!” All the girls shouted one at a time.

Gopi’s parents were very happy because he had returned back with a daughter-in-law, a horse, money and jewelries. The villagers were thrown a feast by Gopi’s parents and both of them were heartily accepted in the family and society.

After some time, all those two burglars, the horseman, the old lady and girls gathered together with only aim to find the boy and get their belongings back.

Asking several persons about the boy, eventually, they found Gopi’s house. He was surprised but calmly welcomed all.

All of them were angry with him for cheating. They wanted their belongings back. Gopi and his parents told them to stay calm and give them an opportunity to serve them. Parents requested to spend the night for a small feast that night. They were not accepting the proposal but some villagers also came and requested because it was getting late. Eventually, they agreed.

That evening, Gopi, his parents and some villagers managed special items for the guests. They were served delicious dishes and were happy for the nice treat. All of them were given separate bed in a big guestroom.

Before they slept, Gopi came to the guestroom to say goodnight to all. He conveyed unique information recently issued by the local authority in collaboration with the village people. He told them that no one was allowed to ruin the bed at night and if they did so, they would be arrested by police. The guests were astonished and wondered how they could do so because they could not remember any night as much as they could recall.

Gopi had already put some oil cake in water that evening.

At about midnight, Gopi with a bucket of water and some soaked oil cake, came inside the guestroom. He poured some water on the bed and put some semiliquid oil cake on every guest’s back. After some time, one of the guests got up; felt a bit uncomfortable and touched back. He found something semiliquid on his back. As smelt, its odor was same like stool. He made wake up to other guests. They all got up one by one and found the same condition. All surprised and shocked, had had short talk and eventually decided to run away because they could not stand the insult as they had not brought extra clothes. They all, before dawn, ran away from there. Gopi’s parents did not know the reason but he was happy to have his plan executed because he did not want to be away from anything what he had achieved with unique effort and hard struggle.

He, with his wife and parents, lived happily without any disturbance in the future.

Bantar Community: A Glimpse

                              – ;To gf/fo0f ;/bf/

Pd= P= -c+u|]hL_, Pd= P= -dfgjzf:q_, Pd= lkmn= -c+u|]hL_

k|fWofks, ;]G6 h]leo;{ sn]h, dfOlt3/, sf7df08f+}

g]kfn ax'eflifs, ax'cfoflds, ax';fF:s[lts /fHo xf] . ljleGg ;d'bfosf dlg;x¿ cfcfˆg} ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf To;sf klxrfgsf ;fy a:b} cfPsf 5g\ . x/]s hft hfltn] cf–cfˆg} k/Dk/fnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ;fF:s[lts klxrfg g} pgLx¿sf] hftLo klxrfgsf] dfWod xf] . cf–cfˆgf /Llt l/jfh, k/Dk/f, rfnrngnfO{ tyf wd{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ dgfpFb} cfpg' pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs klxrfg xf] . log} w]/} hfltx¿sf] aLrdf cfˆgf] a]Un} klxrfg ;+:s[lt lnP/ cfˆgf] kl/ro :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn Pp6f hflt xf] afFt/ hflt . of] hflt g]kfnsf] !$ j6f lhNnfdf a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ o; hfltsf] ;+Vof %%,!)$ /x]sf]5 . -/fli6«o hgu0fgf ;g\ @)!! M !$%_.

/fli6«o hgu0fgf -;g\ @)!!_ cg';f/ g]kfndf !@# efiff af]lng] !@^ hfthfltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . w]/} hfthfltx¿ ;do ;fk]If rNg g;s]/ cfˆgf] hflto tyf ;fF:s[lts klxrfg u'dfpg uO/x]sf 5g\ . of] hftLsf dflg;x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ …;/bf/Ú eGg ?rfpb5g\ . h;sf kl5 nfdf] Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 .

afFt/ ;/bf/sf] hftLo Oltxf; M

afFt/ hflt g]kfnsf] !@ j6f lhNnfx?df a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] hflt xf] . of] hflt ef/tsf] ;x/;f, b/e+uf, k"l0f{of / dw'jgL lhNndf a;f]jf; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] hflt xf] . ef/tsf ljleGg /fHodf d';ndfg zf;sx¿sf] cfqmd0f tyf pgLx¿n] lbPsf] 8/ / qf;n] of] hflt ToxfFaf6 ltQ/ ljQ/ x'g yfNof] . d'un ;d|f6x¿n] klg of] hfltnfO{ g} nIo agfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{, k'¿ifx¿nfO{ xTof ug]{, wgdfn n'6\g] tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ anfTsf/ ug]{ u/]sf] eP/ of] hflt a;fO{ ;/L g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e"–efusf] 3gf h+un5]pdf af; a:g afWo eof] -If]qL !((# M &#_. t/fO{sf] h+un5]pdf a:g yfNbf oL hfltsf] s'g} gfd lbOPsf] lyPg . g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]ifdf …afFt/Ú zAbsf] cy{ lbPsf] 5}g . afFt/ zAbsf] cy{ hfGgsf] nflu k|rlnt nf]ssyfdf hfg'k5{ . k|rlnt nf]s syfcg';f/ z'¿ ;'¿df afFt/x¿ h+unsf] 5]p5fpdf a:g yfn]sfn] logLx¿nfO{ afFt/ elgPsf] eGg] egfO{ 5. …agÚ eGgfn] h+un a'lemG5 eg] …t/Ú eGgfn] d'gL jf glhs eGg] a'lemG5 . kl5 jgt/nfO{ afFt/ eGg yflnof] . h;sf] cy{ h+unsf] glhs a;f]af; ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . o;} syg;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] afFt/ ;d'bfonfO{ 3gf h+unsf] 5]pdf a:tL a;fNg] hflt xf] / oL ;d'bfon] c¿ hfltx¿sf] ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ cg'z/0f ub}{ cfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f g]kfnsf] laleGg hfthftLsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ qmddf emfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -emf !(%# M !)#_.

To;} u/L ljb]zL ljåfg la= x8;gn] O{=;+= !*$^ df cf;fdb]lv t/fO{ If]q;Dd e|d0f n]vdf afFt/ k"lj{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf !$$ jif{ cufl8b]lv a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf ;d'bfo x'g\ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ - O{=;+= !**^ M %#_ . h;sf] lx;fj ubf{ g]kfndf of] hfltsf] a;f]af; #)) jif{eGbf klxn]b]lvsf] xf] eGg] v'Ng cfpF5 .

       Zff]wstf{ ls/0fbQ pkfWofon] emfkf, df]/+u / ;'g;/L lhNnfsf clt lk5l8Psf hfltsf] ;j]{If0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf of] ;d'bfonfO{ csf{sf] v]taf/Ldf alga'tf] u/L hLjg wfGg], ;fgf] emf]k8Ldf a:g], lzIffdf Hofb} kl5 k/]sf] hfltsf] ¿kdf b]vfPsf 5g\ -pkfWofo @)$! M #&_ .

       lgs} klxn] d';ndfg zf;sx¿af6 kLl8t eO{ h+undf a;f]af; u/] klg ;do ;dodf ltg} d';ndfg ;d'bfosf s]lx dlxnfx¿n] afFt/ ;d'bfonfO{ ltgLx¿sf] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g s]lx pkfo atfP . h; cg';f/ afFt/ ;d'bfon] 3/ cufl8 ;F'u'/ kfn]df d';ndfgx¿n] cfqmd0f gug]{ jf ;'Fu'/ kfn]sf] 3/tkm{ kms]{/ gx]g]{ eGg] pkfo lyof] . To;kl5 afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ 3/ cufl8 ;Fu'/ kfNg yfn] . h;n] ubf{ s]lx xb ;Dd of] ;d'bfo ;'/lIft x'gyfNof] .

uf]bgf k|yf M

af/Daf/ d';ndfgx¿af6 kLl8t afFt/ dlxnfx¿sf nflu ltg} d';ndfgsf  s]lx dlxnfx¿n] Pp6f h'lQm ;'emfP . pgLx¿s} egfOdf d';ndfgx¿ s'g} klg cfOdfO{n] z/L/df s[ltd 6f6"
-uf]bgf_ vf]k]sf] 5 eg] To:tf cfOdfO{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿ cz'4 7fG5g\ / glhs klg cfpFb}gg\ egL s]lx d'l:nd dlxnfx?n] xNnf km}nfP . pgLx?sf] vf; p2]Zo cfo cfh{g ug'{ lyof] . of] s'/f yfxf kfP/ afFt/ dlxnfx¿n] c¿n] b]Vg] u/L z/L/df 6f6" -uf]bgf_ vf]Kg yfn] . zf/Ll/s kL8f eP klg afFt/ dlxnfx¿ pQm uf]bgf vf]Kg] k|yfnfO{ :jLsf/] . pgLx¿ uf]bgfdf ljleGg snfs[ltx¿ vf]Kg yfn] . h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿df pQm uf]bgfn] uxgfsf] ?k klg lng yfn] . dlxnfx¿df pQm uf]bgfn] Ps k|sf/sf] ljZjf; klg hGd eof] ls afFr'~h]n h] hlt sdfP klg d/]/ s]lx klg cfkm";Fu nfg ;Sb}gf}, Pp6} dfq lrh nfg ;S5f}F cfkm";Fu Tof] xf] uf]bgf . of] ljZjf;n] ubf{ afFt/ dlxnfx¿n] aflx/af6 b]lvg] c+ux¿ h:t} 3fF6L, 5ftL, lk7\o", xft, xTs]nf, k}tfnf, 3'F8f d'gLsf] efu OToflbdf uf]bgf vf]Kg yfNof] . clxn] klg ufpFsf dlxnfx¿n] uf]bgf vf]k]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 .

afFt/ hfltsf] dlxnfdf 3'D6f] k|yf M

       d';ndfgx¿sf] cfqmd0faf6 hf]lugsf] nflu pg} d';ndfgx¿sf dlxnfx¿n] afFt/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3'D6f] /fVg ;Nnfx lbP . h; cg';f/ afFt/ dlxnfx¿ 3'D6f] /fVg yfn] . 3'D6f]n] klg afFt/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ d';ndfgx¿af6 aRg ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] -If]qL !((# M !#@_ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;dfhdf s]xL Jolerf/Lx¿n] cfˆg} ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fy} sltko cj:yfdf cfˆg} kl/jf/sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ s'b[li6n] x]g{ yfn] . pgLx¿n] dlxnfx¿ dfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ yfn] . h;n] ubf{ ufpFsf a'h'|sx¿n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ vf; u/]/ k'¿ifx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ 7"nf] e]nf 8fs] . h;df *) ufpFsf k'¿ifx¿ ;fd]n eP . pgLx¿n] ljleGg lgodx¿ agfP . agfOPsf w]/} lgodx¿dWo] Ps lyof] 3'D6f] k|yfsf] lg/Gt/tf - afFt/ hftLsf] lgodfjnL @)^# M %_ . h; cg';f/ lajflxt dlxnfx¿n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf 3'D6f] /fVg' kg]{ lyof] . lajflxt dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\sf] pd]/ / gftfn] 7"nf] JolQmsf] cufl8 3'D6f] /fVg'kg]{ eof] . h:t} h]7fh", ;;'/f, sfsf ;;'/f, dfdf ;;'/f OTofbL . 3/ a'xf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ eGbf h]i7 JolQm a;]sf] r§fO{, u'Gb|L, sy+sbflrt 5f]OPdf, b'a}hgfnfO{ clgjfo{ g'xfpg' kg]{ / g'xfP/ dfq z'4 x'g] lgod agfof] . sfnfGt/df ltg} lgod Pp6f k|yfsf] ¿k lnof] h'g clxn] klg afFt/ ;d'bfodf Pp6f k|yfsf] ¿kdf /lx cfPsf] 5 . o; k|yfnfO{ ;lhn} cGTo ug{ g;ls /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . x'g t lzIffsf] k|efjn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g gePsf] xf]Og t/ 3'D6f] k|yfnfO{ o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f leGg} b[li6sf]0fn] JofVof ul/G5 .

afFt/ ;d'bfo / s'nb]jtf M

afFt/ ;d'bfo jg glhs a:g] tyf h+unL d[u, aFb]n lzsf/ u/]/ NofO{ To;nfO{ g} cfxf/ agfpg] ub{y] . lsDabGtL cg';f/ Ps kN6 o; ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ jgdf lzsf/ ug{ uPsf] a]nf uNtLn] d[u eg]/ gLn ufO{ dfg{ k'u]5g\ . hj lzsf/sf] glhs k'Uof], pgLx¿n] uf} xTof u/] h:tf] nfUof] . ;a}n] ljnf}gf ug{ yfn] . ck/fwjf]wn] To; gLnufO{ 5]p a;]/ clgl0f{t al;/x]sf lyP . Tolts}df u]+8l;+x hf] To; a]nfsf gfd'b lzsf/L lyP, lzsf/ v]Nb} ToxfF cfOk'Uof] . u]+8l;+x tGq dGqdf kf]Vt lyP . afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ c;d~h:odf /x]sf] b]v]/ pgLx¿nfO{ æs] eof] <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wof] . pgLx¿n] ;a} s'/f a]nL lj:tf/ nufP . Tof] ;a} ;'g]/ u]+8l;+xn] pgLx¿nfO{ eGof], æof] gLn ufO{nfO{ ;]tf] sk8fn] 5f]k .Æ pgLx¿n] ;]tf] sk8fn] 5f]k] .

       u]+8l;+xn] ;a}hgfnfO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ Ps v'§fdf peL k|0ffd ug{ tyf Wofg nufof] . p;n] dGq k9\g yfNof] . s]lx ;dosf] dGq pRrf/0f kl5 p;n] ;a}hgfnfO{ cfFvf vf]Ng nufof] . ha pgLx¿n] cfFvf vf]n], u]+8l;+xn] gLn ufO{af6 ;]tf] sk8f p7fpg nufP . hj afFt/ ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿n] sk8f p7fP, pQm gLn ufO{ d[udf kl/0ft ePsf] kfP . To;a]nfb]lv u]+8l;+xnfO{ pgLx¿n] eujfgsf] phf{ lbP lsgsL u]+8l;+xn] afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ 7"nf] wd{ ;+s6af6 arfPsf lyP . To;a]nfb]lv g} of] ;d'bfon] u]+8l;+xnfO{ s'n b]jtf dfg]/ k"hf ug{ yfn] -;fksf]6f @)%% M ^&_ . h'g of] ;d'bfon] clxn];Dd dfGb} cfPsf 5g\ . 7fpF 7fpFdf u]+8l;+xsf] dlGb/ :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ / jif{df Psrf]6L w'dwfd;Fu k"hf cfhf ub{5g\ . x'g t u]+8l;+x afFt/ ;d'bfosf JolQm lyPgg\ t/ p;n] ;d"0f{ ;d'bfosf] nfh arfPsfn] p;nfO{ b]ptf eg]/ k"Hg] u/]sf 5g\ . of] ;d'bfon] dgfpg] df3] ;+qmflGtsf] lbg u]+8 l;+xsf] k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . z'¿df of] k"hf ciff9df ul/GYof] t/ ciff9 /f]kfOsf] z'¿jftsf] dlxgf tyf lxnfDd] x'g] ePsfn] ;a}n] df3 ! ut] k"hf ug]{ elg ldlt ;f/]sf] xf] .

afFt/ hfltsf] hftLo ;+/rgf M

       x/]s hfthflt rfx] Tof] cflbaf;L xf];\ jf hghflt, cf–cfˆgf] hftLo ;+/rgf agfPsf] 5 . /fHon] h:tf] ;'s} lgod sfg"g k|ltkfbg u/] klg sltko hft–hfltx¿ cfkm}+n] agfPsf] lgoddf rNb} cfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:sf] dtnj pgLx¿ /fHoåf/f :yflkt lgod pNn+3g u5{g\ eGg] xf]Og . t/ cfkm}+n] agfPsf] lgoddf rNg ;lhnf] 7fGb5g\ . afFt/ hflt klg cfkm}+n] agfPsf] hftLo ;+/rgfdf rNg ¿rfpF5g\ . afFt/ hfltsf] d}~hg x'G5 . To;kl5 hftLo ;efklt, hjf/, / xh/f -l;kfxL_ x'G5g\ . of] dflyNnf] txsf] kb lgwf{/0f xf] . of] kb ku{gf -If]q_ x¿df x'G5 . o; hfltsf] ;Kt/L lhNnfdf a9L ;+Vof ePsf]n] ;ftj6f ku{gf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M dfn emdgf, vf]hk'/, ufbL, v}N;f, dh'jf, hUb/, /fo hd'gf / ks/L -cGt/jftf{df cfwfl/t_ . ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ku{gfx¿sf] d}~hg a'l4nfn ;/bf/ xf] . t/ 7"nf] If]q ePsf] tyf PSn}n] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf ku{gf ljefhg u/L c¿nfO{ klg ;xfos d}~hg agfOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . xfn dfnemdgf / vf]hk'/ ufbLsf] d}~hg a'l4nfn ;/bf/ x'g\ eg] hUb/, /fo hd'gf / ks/Lsf] d}~hg xl/gf/fo0f ;/b/ xf] To;}u/L v}N;f ku{gfsf] nNs' ;/bf/ /x]sf] 5 / dh'jf ku{gfsf] d}~hg nfn axfb'/ ;/bf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

       ;'g;/L / df]/+udf @÷@ j6f ku{gfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;'g;/Ldf a]nL / enf en}gL 5g\ eg] df]/+udf afl/oftL / dfgu9 /x]sf 5g\ . ;'g;/L / df]/+usf] rf/ j6} ku{gfdf Pp6f dfq d}~hg tf]lsPsf] 5 . jt{dfg d}~hg cfzf s'df/ ;/bf/ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L of] hfltdf d}~hgn] s'g} klg hftLo lg0f{o ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .

       To;}u/L :yfgLo :t/df klg afFt/ ;d'bfosf] cfˆg} ;+/rgf /x]sf] x'G5 . h;df ;/bf/ k|d'v x'G5 eg] p kl5 ;Nx}6\of /x]sf] x'G5 . tNnf] tx cyf{t ;fdfGo kl/jf/nfO{ k}/hg elgG5 . …;/bf/Ú k':t} lkR5] kb x:tfGt/0f x'G5 . …;/bf/Úsf]  ufpF :t/df d'Vo e"ldsf x'G5 . lajfx ef]h, dbf{ kbf{, hftLo ;+:s[lt dgfpFbf …;/bf/Úsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;dfhdf cfOk/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;/bf/n] sfo{ ljefhg ug]{ sfd ub{5 . h:t} lgDtf] afF8\g], ef]h vfg cfpg lgDtf] lbg], Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF tyf Ps ufpFaf6 csf]{ ufpF ;dfrf/ k7fpg sfo{ ljefhg ug]{ ub{5 . ;Nx}6\ofn] ef]h et]/ ePsf] a]nf vfg] kftsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfd ub{5 . o;/L afFt/ ;d'bfo dflyb]lv tn;Dd lgoddf rn]sf] 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf kªx}t M

x/]s hfthfltdf txut ;d"x /x]sf] x'G5 . cyf{t\ ljx]jf/L rNn] jf grNg] u/L hftLo tx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . afFt/ hfltdf To; lsl;dsf] txut lgwf{/0fnfO{ kªx}t elgG5 . of]  hfltsf] Pp6} uf]q sZok ePtf klg kªx}t leGbf leGb} /x]sf5g\ . h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= hf]dgL ;/bf/ afFt/       @= dfemL afFt/       #= khxf afFt/

$= ;f]b]jfn afFt/ M   ;f]b]jfn klg tLg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ M

       s= dxkt u}of afFt/         v= d';g wfdL afFt/         u= clGbrfg afFt/

%= xh/f afFt/               ^= 9f]s]jfn afFt/     &= bf; afFt/

*= afF7 afFt/                (= /fh afFt/         !)= 9f]/ afFt/

!!= /fhwfdL afFt/           !@= ¿k afFt/        !#= /f}t afFt/

       ;Kt/L klZrdsf s]xL lhNnfx¿ h:t} af/f / k;f{df afFt/ rf}w/L, afFt/ bxLt klg kªx}tsf] ¿kdf kfOPsf 5g\ .

afFt/ hfltsf] …;/bf/Ú pkgfd M

      x/]s pkgfd k5fl8 cf–cfˆg} JofVof tyf Oltxf; /x]sf x'G5g\ . Oltxf; Ps} lbgdf ;[hgf ePsf] x'Fb}g . s}of}+ jif{, cjlw kf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . afFt/x¿n] klg …;/bf/Ú pkgfd Ps lbgsf] ;+3if{ jf Ps dlxgf jf Ps jif{sf] ;+3if{n] kfPsf xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿n] of] pkgfd kfpgsf nflu ;+3if{ dfq u/]sf lyPgg\ . ;+3if{ tyf pQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ qmddf v/f] pq] kl5 of] pkgfd lbOPsf] xf] .

       o; hfltsf] af/]df lj:t[t cWoog gePsfn] sltko s'/fx¿ cGt/jftf{af6 yfxf kfpg'kg]{  x'g cfpF5 . h;cg';f/ o; hfltsf a'h|'u >L hxfbL ;/bf/ -&@ jif{_ ;+usf] cGt/jftf{sf cfwf/df /f0ffsfndf oftfoftsf] ;j{;'ne ;'ljwf lyPg . dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF;Dd hfg ls t k}bn jf 3f]8f, j}nuf8L, 8f]nL dfkm{t\ hfg' kYof]{ . /f0ffsfndf t/fO{tkm{ klg dfnkf]t ;+sng ul/GYof] . p7fOPsf] dfnkf]t l;Ssf, ;'g, rfFbL jf cGo ax'd"No j:t'df ehfO{ /fhwfgL -sf7df08f}_ Nofpg] ul/GYof] . pQm ;+slnt dfnkf]tnfO{ To;a]nf tf]/f elgGYof] . To;df ;'g, rfFbL, l;Ssf, uxgf OTofbL x'GYof] . pQm ;+slnt tf]/f 5fnfsf] emf]nfdf xfn]/ sf7df08f} NofOGYof] . tf]/f ;+sng ug{ uPsf j8f xflsdx¿n] To; If]qsf] hldGbf/ kxjf/LnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ ;+sng ul/GYof] . ;+slnt tf]/f pg} hldGbf/ kxjf/Lsf] ;xof]udf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ lhDdf nufOGYof] . lhDdf kfPsf JolQm pQm tf]/f 5fnfsf] emf]nfdf xfn]/ sDd/df afFwL sf7df08f} Nofpg' kYof]{ . tf]/f Nofpg] qmddf sltko JolQmx¿ af6}df x/fpFYof] t sltkonfO{ 8fsf n'6]/fx¿n] n'6]/ nfGYof] . sltkon] hfgL hfgL x/fO lbGYof] tfls nfdf] af6f] sf7df08f} hfg gk/f];\ eg]/ .

       ;+slnt t]/f x/fpg] n'l6g] u/]sfn] ubf{ k6Ss} lkR5] km/s km/s ;d'bfonfO{ lhDdf lbOGYof] . To;} qmddf afFt/ ;d'bfonfO{ klg tf]/f k'¥ofpg] lhDdf lbOg] lg0f{o ul/of] . h;cg';f/ s]xL afFt/ o'jfx¿nfO{ tf]/f sf7df08f} k'¥ofpg lhDdf lbOof] . jg h+un ;DjlGw 1fg ePsf], af6f] klxNofpg ;Sg] ePsfn] pgLx¿dfly ljZjf; ul/of] . tL o'jfx¿n] kfPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ tkm{ nfu] . 7fpF 7fpFdf rf]/ 8fsfx¿n] cfqmd0f u/] / klg pgLx¿;Fu ;+3if{ ub}{, sl7g af6f] kf/ ub}{ s}+of} xKtf;Dd kfgL sGbd"n dfq vfFb} h+un, kxf8 x'Fb} sf7df08f} NofO k'¥ofpYof] . t/ sf7df08f} NofP klg tL o'jfx¿nfO{ t'/Gt pGd'lQm lbOb}gYof] . pgLx¿nfO{ xg'dfg9f]sf h]ndf y'g]/ /flvGYof] -cGt/jftf{df cfwfl/t_ . NofOPsf] tf]/f uGtL ubf{ sd kfOPsf] cj:yfdf h]n a:g' kYof]{ eg] ;s'zn kfOPsf] v08df lkmtf{ cfpg kfpYof] . t/ uGtL ug]{ kfnf] ^ dlxgfkl5 dfq cfpFYof] . Tolt~h]n xg'dfg9f]sf h]ndf g} a:g' kYof]{ . ^ dlxgfkl5 kfnf] cfpFbf ulgPsf] tf]/f h'g afFt/ o'jfx¿n] NofPsf x'Gy], b'¿:t kfpYof] . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ pGd'lQm kfpYof] .

       Ps k6s tf]/f k'¥ofpFbf OdfGbf/L kfOPsf]n] af/Daf/ afFt/ o'jfx¿nfO{ g} 5fGg yflnof] / x/]s k6s OdfGbf/Lk"j{s tf]/f Nofpg] u/]sf]n] tTsflng >L # dxf/fh kb\d zd;]/ /f0ffn] nfndf]x/ nufO{ …;/bf/Úsf] kbjL lbOPsf] lyof] . pgn] æca pk|fGt ltdLx¿ …;/bf/Ú sxnfpg]5f}Æ eg]kl5 ToxfFaf6 afFt/ ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ ;/bf/ sxnfpg yfNof] -cGt/jftf{df cfwfl/t_ . o;/L afFt/ ;d'bfon] ;/bf/ n]vfpg' k5fl8 cfˆg} Oltxf; af]s]/ cfPsf] 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf] af/]df ul/Psf vf]hx¿ M

       afFt/ hflt cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ldn]/ a:g] hflt x'g\ . of] hfltsf] cfˆg} df}lns klxrfg ePtf klg lj:t[t cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] cefjdf jf:tljs tTYo cem aflx/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] o; hfltsf af/]df n]lvPsf uxg cWoogx¿ kfOFb}g . ax'eflifs, ax'hfltsf] ;+ud ePsf] b]z g]kfndf jf:tjdf sltko g]kfnLx¿ cem lzlIft ;d'bfon] g]kfndf afFt/ eGg] hflt klg 5g\ eGg] ;d]t yfxf kfPsf 5}gg\ . t/ klg s]lx ;dfhzf:qL tyf dfgjzf:qL ljåfgx¿n] atfP cg';f/ o; hfltsf] j[xt a;f]af; g]kfnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{sf] u|fld0f If]q / pQ/L ef/tsf] ljxf/ lhNnfsf ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; hfltsf] hfltut pTklQsf] vf]hljg klxNofpFbf æof] hflt 3gf h+unsf] 5]pdf a:tL a;fNg] hflt xf] / of] hfltn] c¿ hfltx¿sf] ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ cg';/0f u/]sf 5g\ -emf !((# M !)#_ .Æ

       ef/tdf ePsf s]lx ;]G;; l/kf]6{df o; hfltsf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu P;=8L= k|;fbsf] !(^! Dff ef/tsf] ljxf/ ;]G;;\ tof/ ubf{ o; ;d'bfosf] af/]df ePsf] pNn]v cg';f/ ljxf/df ePsf @! cg'';'lrt hfltx¿dWo] of] hflt k|yd cg';"lrdf kb{5 -k|;fb !(^! M @#_ .

       >LsfGt ld>n] afFt/ ;d'bfosf] af/]df n]v]cg';f/ ldlynfdf b'O{ k|sf/sf z'b|x¿ 5g\ . klxnf]df ztz'b|s jf z'b| . klxnf] ztz'b|s jf ;f]nx sGx|f h;n] 5f]Psf] kfgL 7"nf, a|fXd0f, If]qL / j}Zon] vfg ;S5g\ t/ bf]>f] ci6s z'b|s jf z'b| h;n] 5f]Psf] kfgL a|fXd0f, If]qL / j}Zon] vfb}gg\ . oL ci6s z'b| cGtu{t kg]{ hfltx¿ rdf/, b';fw, t]nL, vTj] / afFt/ ;d'bfo klg kb{5g\ - ld> !(%# M ^@_ .

       b]zdf ePsf] /fhgLlt kl/jt{g tyf hfu¿stfn] 5'jf5'tsf] cj:yfdf qmlds ?kdf sld x'b} cfPsf] 5 t/ s]lx ;do klxn];Dd of] ;d'bfonfO{ c5't g} dflgGYof] . hgsnfn zdf{n] afFt/sf af/]df eg]sf 5g\ yf?sf w]/} y/x¿df Ps y/ afFt/ klg xf] / logLx¿nfO{ yf¿ ;dfhdf ;fx|} tNnf] y/ dflgG5  - zdf{ @)#( M $))–$)!_ .

       g]kfnsf] dfgjzf:qL 8f]/ axfb'/ lji6n] afFt/ hfltnfO{ yf¿ hftsf] Pp6f pkhft jf y/ dfg]sf 5g\ / wguf}l/of yf¿sf] Pp6f pkhft xf] eg]sf 5g\ -lji6 !(&@ M @!#_ . o;} u/L l/Hn] -!*(@_ n] klg afFt/ hfltnfO{ yf¿ hflts} Pp6f xfFuf xf] / h;sf] pTklQ b|lj8 ;d'bfoaf6 ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\  l/Hn] !*(@ M #& _.

       l8NnL /fd bfxfn -!(&*_n] cfˆgf] n]vdf afFt/ ;d'bfo a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] qmddf ef/tsf] pQ/L ljxf/ /fHosf] ;x/;f, k"l0f{of, b/e+ufaf6 g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf cfPsf] s'/f bzf{Psf 5g\ -bfxfn!(&* M !!_ . t/ kL=;L= rf}w/Ln] afFt/ ;d'bfo pQ/L ljxf/ /fHoaf6 g]kfn k;]sf] s'/f gdfgL a? g]kfnaf6 /fd|f] hLjgsf] vf]hLsf] lglDt ljxf/lt/ nfu]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ - rf}w/L !(^% M %#_ . To;}u/L dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] df]/+udf s]lx hflto ljz]if ;DjGwL n]vdf df]/+udf s]lx hfltx¿ h:t} yf¿, /fhj+zL, ;tf/, d';x/ h:t} afFt/sf] af/]df klg ;fgf] kl/ro lbb} oL ;d'bfo df]/+u lhNnfsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ -sf]O/fnf @)@#_ . tyfkL u0f]z If]qLn] afFt/ ;d'bfosf] g]kfnsf] k"lj{ t/fO{df s;/L a;f]af; eof], pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs cj:yf, /xg;xg, ;+:sf/, xfndf cfP/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nLdf klg s]lx kl/jt{g b]lvg yfn]sf] s'/fnfO{ j[xt ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ -If]qL !((#_ . o;/L afFt/ hfltsf] af/]df leGg leGg ts{x¿ k|:t't x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lsgsL afFt/ hfltsf] lnlvt Oltxf; e]6\g sl7g 5 .

       o;/L g]kfnsf] k"lj{ t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ afFt/ hfltsf af/]df ljleGg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljåfgx¿n] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{ u/]tf klg ;f] sfo{ k"0f{ tyf lj:t[t ¿kdf gx'g'sf] ;fy} jt{dfg ;dodf afFt/sf] hLjgz}nLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]6\g k"0f{ ¿kdf ;kmn ePsf] 5}g .

afFt/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs hLjg M

afFt/ hfltsf] 3/ b'O{ lsl;dsf] kfOG5 . klxnf] cfˆg} hUufdf agfOPsf] 3/ / bf]>f] P]nfgL jf hldGbf/sf hUufdf agfOPsf] 3/ . bf]>f] lsl;dsf 3/sf dfG5]x¿ hldGbf/sf] 3/df s[lif Hofnf dhb'/L ub{5g\ jf hldGbf/sf] v]tLdf clwof al6ofsf] sfd ub{5g\ . oL hfltx¿ cGo hghflteGbf cnUu} a;f]af; ug{ ¿rfpFb5g\ . To;}n] logLx¿sf] a:tL cGo hfltsf] eGbf leGg x'G5 . h;nfO{ :yfgLo af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf æat/fxL jf afFt/6f]nÆ elgG5 . ;fwf/0f afFt/ a:tL jf at/fxLx¿sf] gfds/0f ;d]t ulPsf] x'G5 t/ o:tf lsl;dsf afFt/ ufpFsf gfdx¿n] s'g} cfˆgf] k|sf/sf P]ltxfl;s jf ;fF:s[lts k[i7e"ldnfO{ lrgfpg vf]Hb}g . w]/} gfdx¿ k|s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt jf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfdaf6 /fVg vf]h]sf] a'lemG5 .

       t/fO{sf w]/}h;f] ufpFsf hfltx¿sf] a:tL h:t} afFt/x¿ klg af6f]sf] b'j} 5]pdf cyf{t\ Psk§L u'hd'Hh k/]/ /x]sf] ;fgf;fgf 3/x¿af6 lgld{t ufpFsf] lgdf{0f u/L a:g] ub{5g\ . afFt/x¿sf] 3/df klxnf s'g} dfG5] cfP p cfFug -rf]s_ df k'Ub5 . cfFugdf s]6fs]6L v]Ng], hf8f]df cfuf] afn]/ tfKg], lajfx et]/df ef]h eTof/ u/fpg] tyf cfˆgf] v]tLdf pAh]sf wfg, ux'F tyf tf]/Lx¿ km}nfP/ ;'sfpg] ;d]t ul/g] x'gfn] afFt/ ;dfhdf o;sf] lgs} dxTj 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf] efiff M

      x/]s hflt ;d"xsf] cf–cfˆg} efiff /x]sf] x'G5 . efiffn] x/]s JolQmsf] ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . g]kfndf ljleGg efiffefifLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . afFt/ hfltsf] cfˆg} efiff /x]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ d}ynL ;d'bfosf] efiff;Fu bfHg ;lsG5 . d}ynL;Fu ldNg] eP klg logLx¿sf] efiff 7]6 d}ynL xf] -If]qL !((# M !*@_ . ljleGg ;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ a:g] eP/ afFt/ hfltsf] df}lns efiff nf]k x'Fb} uO{ c¿ hfltsf] efiffsf zAb ldl;g uPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f of] hfltsf] cfˆgf] k|frLg lnlk 5}g . pgLx¿ n]vfO{df /f]dg lnlk tyf b]jgfu/L lnlksf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .

vfglkg / e]ifk"iff M

      afFt/ hfltsf] k|d"v vfgf bfn, eft / t/sf/L xf] . logLx¿ df5f, df;' klg vfg dg k/fpF5g\ . df;'df k|foM ;'+u'/, v;L, k/]jf, xfF;sf df;' dg k/fpF5g\ . sltko kl/jf/df s'v'/f kfNb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fsf] df;' sd} dfqfdf dg k/fpF5g\ . t/ xfn cfP/ s'v'/fsf] df;' klg vfg yfn]sf 5g\ . rfF8 kj{, ljz]if pT;jdf df;'sf] kl/sf/ tyf cGo kl/sf/ klg dg k/fpF5g\ . kfx'gfx¿sf] ;Tsf/ ubf{ vf; u/]/ ;'kf8L, lj8L, r"/f]6 lbO{ ;Tsf/ u5{g\ . yf¿ ;d'bfo glhs a:g] ePsfn] ubf{ ;fy} dWokfg ug]{ u/]sf]n] ubf{ sltko :yfgx¿df dWokfgn] klg kfx'gf ;Tsf/ ug]{ ul/G5 . To;} u/L of] ;d'bfo wfdL emfFqmLdf ljZjf; ug]{ ePsfn] wfdL emfFqmLnfO{ klg dWokfg lbg] rng 5 . cfˆgf] >Ldfg\sf] h'7f] yfnLdf vfg' o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f ;+s[ltsf] ¿kdf lnG5g\ . >Ldfg\sf] h'7f] yfndf >LdtLx¿n] vfgf vfg] ub{5g\ .

       afFt/ hfltsf] klx/0f df df};dsf] k|efj b]lvG5 . udL{ ofddf ;fdfGo kf]zfs nufpg] h:t} wf]tL, uD5f, u~hL, kftnf] sldh nufpF5g\ eg] dlxnfx¿ v8\sL, cr/f -;f/L h:t}_ nufpF5g\ . t/ zxl/of k|efjn] ubf{ n'uf nufOdf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o'jf hdft ;do cg';f/sf] kf]zfs nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

       cfe"if0fsf] xsdf of] hfltsf] dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf u/uxgfx¿ nufpg] ub{5g\ . vf; u/]/ rfFbLsf] uxgf logLx¿sf] /f]hfO{df k5{ . h:t} afh', r'/f, 7f]Ssf, xf};nL, k}/L, kfph', kfon, kftf], k~hf, rg/xf/, k}h', ;f}lyof, sfF8f, v'6\nf, 8/s;gf, 6k, glyof OToflb . k'¿ifn] xftdf rf]S6f, 3fF6Ldf s07f, cf}nfdf cf}F7L, l;qmL OTofbL nufpF5g\ . ljaflxt dlxnfx¿n] l;Gb"/ clgjfo{ nufpFb5g\ . o; ;d'bfodf nufpg] ljleGg u/uxgf ePtf klg xfn lajfxsf] cj;/ afx]s cGo ;dodf la/n} u/uxgfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

afFt/ hfltdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;DaGw M

       afFt/ ;dfh k'¿if k|wfg ;dfh xf] . x/]s kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odf k'¿ifsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . rfx] Tof] ;fdflhs sfo{ xf];\ jf kfl/jfl/s sfo{ k'¿ifn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . k'¿if g} 3/d"nLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s ;DklQ k'¿ifsf] gfddf dfq k|foM /x]sf] x'G5 . 5f]/fsf] hGdnfO{ pRr dxTj lbOG5 eg] 5f]/Lsf] hGdnfO{ klg vf;} gsf/fTds tl/sfn] lnOb}g . 5f]/fsf] hGdnfO{ xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 eg] 5f]/Lsf] hGdnfO{ sd k|fyldstf lbOG5 . afFt/ ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] ;DklQ eGgfn] p;n] dfOtLaf6 NofPsf] k]jf g} k|d"v /x]sf] x'G5 . dfOtLaf6 kfPsf] k]jf afx]s cGo ;DklQdf dlxnfn] bfjL ug{ kfpFb}g . >Ldfg\n] :j]R5fn] lbPsf] ;DklQdf dfq Pp6f dlxnfn] bfjL ug{ kfpF5 .

       afFt/ ;d'bfodf k|ToIf bfOhf] k|yf gePtf klg k/f]If¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] Pp6f k/Dk/f 5 . klxn] s]6f kIfn] s]6L kIfnfO{ ;s]hlt cyjf dfu cg';f/ wfg, rfdn, bfn, t/sf/L, v;L, af]sf lbg] rng lyof] . Tof] rng qmlds ¿kdf x6\b} uO{ ca s]6f kIfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . klxn] afFt/ ;d'bfo u/La x'g] ePsf]n] ef]het]/sf] nflu eg]/ s]lx vr{ s]6L kIfn] lng] u/]sf]df xfn cGo hftLdf bfOhf] k|yfsf] k|efj b]Vbf qmlds ?kdf k|yfsf] ?kfGt/0f ePsf] kf OG5 . u+uf /fO{n] afFt/ ;d'bfodf bfOhf] k|yf klxn]b]lv rNb} cfP/ clxn] klg sfod /x]sf] 5 . km/s olt dfq 5 ls bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf /sd g} dfUb}g a¿ lhG;Lx¿ h:t} kmlg{r/, ;fwg dfUg] rng /xb} cfPsf] 5 -/fO{ @)^# M #(_ .

       bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf k|fKt lhG;Ldf k'¿ifsf] klg k"0f{ xs nfU5 . To;} u/L dlxnfn] kfPsf] k]jfdf k'¿ifsf] clwsf/ sd x'G5 . o; ;d'bfodf >Ldfg\n] >LdtLsf] tyf >LdtLn] >Ldfg\sf] gfd pRrfx/0f ub}{gg\ . af]nfpg' k/]df cf–cfˆg} t/Lsfn] pkgfd lbO{ af]nfpF5g\ jf ;Gtfg hGd]sf] cj:yfdf ;Gtfgsf] gfdn] kmnfgf]sf] afaf jf kmnfgf]sf] cfdf eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ub{5g\ . /fh]Zj/L ;fksf]6fn] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ 5f]/L dfq ;Gtfg kfpgfn] jf afFemf]kg x'gfn] ;f}tf vKg afWo x'g' kb{5 . 5f]/L dfq kfpFbf / afFemL x'Fbf ;f}tf vKg' kg]{ x'gfn] ;Gtfg k|flKtsf nflu wfdL nufpg] / hl8a'6L vfg] sfd ;d]t ub{5g\ -;fksf]6f @)%% M %#_ .

afFt/ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] :yfg M

afFt/ ;dfh k/Dk/fut ;dfh ePsf]n] 5f]/LnfO{ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] hftsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . lzIff bLIffdf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOb}g . t/ klg of] ;f]r qmlds ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ klg pRr lzIff lbnfpg yflnPsf] s]lx k|df0fx¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 . tyfkL k/Dk/fut ¿kdf g} o; ;d'bfosf gf/L ju{n] s]lx xslxt / ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; hfltdf ljwjf gf/LnfO{ k'gM lajfx u/L 3/hd ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . ljwjf lajfxsf] xsdf s'g} /f]s6f]s cyjf k"jf{u|x 5}g . o;/L ljwjf lajfxn] o; ;dfhdf dfGotf kfPsf] x'gfn] klg ljwjf gf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwf / xs lg/Gt/ /lxcfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L >LdtLsf] e/0f kf]if0fsf] bfloTj >Ldfg\sf] /x]sf] x'G5 . >Ldfg\n] pQm bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] v08df >LdtLn] …;/bf/L ;efÚ af]nfpg ;S5] . o; ;efdf dlxnfn] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\nfO{ xsfg{, lxsf{pg jf zf/Ll/s b08 lbg tyf cf]vnL d':nf] af]sfP/ lx8fpF5g\ .

To;}u/L Pp6f k]6 af]s]sL dlxnfaf6 ;/bf/L ;efnfO{ ef]h v'jfO;s]kl5 s'g} csf]{ afFt/ k'¿if;Fu lajfx ug{ ;S5g\ . o;/L csf{sf] ue{ af]s]sf] sf/0faf6 cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf 3[l0ft x'g' kb}{g . -;fksf]6f @)%% M %$_

       csf]{tkm{ cljaflxt o'jtL jf ljaflxt cfOdfO{ cfkm"n] dg k/fPsf] s]6f]sf] 3/df uP/ a:g ;S5] . o;nfO{ …3/9'sLÚ elgG5 . csf{sf] 3/df uO;s]kl5 pQm o'jtL jf dlxnfnfO{ kl/jf/n] :jLs[lt lbPsf] v08df cflwsf/Ls ¿kdf ltgL pQm kl/jf/sf] gofF ;b:o cyjf a'xf/Lsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpF5] . ljaflxt dlxnf cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ 5f8]/ csf]{ k'¿if;Fu uPsf] v08df ;dfhn] klxnf] >Ldfg\nfO{ bf]>f] >Ldfg\af6 s]lx /sd lbg'kg]{ x'G5 h;nfO{ …hf/LÚ elgG5 . pQm hf/L …;/bf/L ;efÚn] tf]Sg] ub{5 . To;}u/L Pp6f o'jtL jf ljaflxt dlxnf cfkm"n] dg k/fPsf] s]6f jf k'¿if;Fu s]lx ;dosf] nflu efu]/ hfg ;S5 . pgLx¿ ufpFaf6 6f9f s'g} zx/ jf csf]{ ufpFdf s]lx lbg a;]/ kms]{/ cfpF5g\ . ;dfhdf cfO;s]kl5 ;dfhnfO{ ef]h v'jfP/ 3/ leq\ofpg] rng 5 . o;nfO{ …p//L{Ú elgG5 . clajflxt o'jf o'jtL Psn] csf{nfO{ dg k/fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf kfl/jfl/s ;xdlt gePsf] v08df tyf s]6fn] eufP/ gnuL s]6Ls} ;xdltdf pgsf] skfn tfg]/ 3/ leqfpg] rng 5 . o;nfO{ …emf]6kqmLÚ elgG5 -If]qL !((#_ .

       o; ;d'bfodf k'¿ifx¿ g} kfl/jfl/s k"hf cfhfdf ;l/s x'G5g\ . t/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg lajfx kZrft uxj/ -k"hf sf]7f_ df hfg] clwsf/ x'G5 . ljz]if cj;/df dlxnfx¿n] b]ptf k"hfsf] nflu l;+uf/k6f/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . Pp6f kl/jf/df Pp6f dlxnfn] l;+uf/k6f/ ug{ yfn] kl5 p;n] OR5fPsf] JolQm ge]6'Gh]n cyf{t\ csf]{ dlxnf ;b:o k"0f{ clwsf/ gkfpGh]n pg}n] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

afFt/ hfltsf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ M

       dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . ;dfhn] k|lt:yflkt u/]sf lgod dfGg' p;sf] k|yd bfloTj x'g cfpF5 . ;dfhdf ;dfj]z x'g] lznl;nfdf x/]s ;d"xsf] cf–cfˆg} cjwf/0ff / bz{g ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;dfhdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofpg] sfd ub{5 . cg]sf} ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ dWo] k|d"v xf] hGd, lajfx / d[To' ;+:sf/x¿ . s'g} klg ;fdflhs k|f0fLnfO{ oL ;+:sf/x¿n] 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5 .

       afFt/ ;d'bfodf hGd, lajfx, d[To' OToflb ;+:sf/x¿df k'/f]lxtnfO{ lgo'Qm ub}{gg\ . oL ;d'bfosf dflg; cfkm" :jo+ tyf xhfd -7fs'/_ / To;}u/L efGhf tyf ufpFsf] ;/bf/af6 af tf]lsPsf] hftLo a'h|'snfO{ k"/f]lxt dfg]/ sfd lng] ub{5g\ . logLx¿n] g} ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 .

cfly{s cj:yf M

      of] ;d'bfo Ps u/Lj ;d'bfo xf] . k|foMh;f] alga'tf] u/]/ hLljsf]kfh{g ug'{ logLx¿sf] lbgrof{ xf] . v]tL ls;fgL ug'{ klg of] hfltsf] Pp6f k]zf xf] . s]lx ;DkGg kl/jf/x¿ klg kfOG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm" nufot c?x¿nfO{ v]tdf sfd ug]{ u/fpg] ub{5g\ . sltko afFt/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ zx/ ahf/df uP/ ljleGg zLk l;sL cfly{s cfh{g ug]{ ub{5g\ . z}lIfs cj:yf Psbd} Go"g ePsf]n] gf]s/L k]zfdf yf]/} JolQmx¿ dfq nfu]sf] kfOG5 . xfn cfP/ zx/ ahf/df l/S;f rnfpg], ld:qLsf] sfd ug]{, Hofnfbf/L sfd ug]{, ;fy} uf8L rnfO{ cfo cfh{g  ug]{ ub{5g\ . ufpFlt/ sltko dflg;x¿ clwof v]t u/]/ cfˆgf] u'hf/f u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . s]xL jif{otf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kmi6fPsf] 5 . w]/} o'jfx¿ dn]l;of nufotsf vf8L d'n'sx¿df uO{ cy{ cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] of] ;d'bfosf] cfly{s cj:yf s]lx xb;Dd dha"t agfpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

z}lIfs cj:yf M

      afFt/ hflt lzIffsf] If]qdf ;fx|} k5fl8 k/]sf] hflt xf] . klxn]sf] t'ngfdf z}lIfs :t/ a9]tf klg pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ JolQm Psbd} sd kfOG5 . d}n] o; ;d'bfoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ ug]{ klxnf] JolQmsf] ¿kdf ;f}efUo kfPsf] lyPF . d kZrft :gftsf]Q/ ug]{ s]lx JolQm ylkPsf 5g\ h'g cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsG5 . h:t} ;Kt/Lsf] laho s'df/ ;/bf/n] Joj:yfkgdf, df]/+usf] /d]z ;/bf/n] ;dfhzf:qdf, ;'g;/Lsf] ;ltz ;/bf/n] /fhgLltzfqdf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf 5g\ . :gfts ug]{ yf]/} JolQm eP klg k|fljlwstkm{ h:t} :6fk g;{, cgld, l;=Pd=P=, 8]G6/ xfOh]lhi6, cf]e/l;o/, Ol~hlgol/ª u/]sf s]lx JolQmx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ . clwsf+z afFt/ ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿ o'jtLx¿ P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd pQL0f{ u/]sf] / o'jfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]hsf/tkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . yf]/} dfq ;+Vofdf afFt/ ;d'bfosf] JolQm lghfdlt ;]jftkm{ nfu]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

hftLo ;+37g M

      x/]s hft hfltn] cfˆgf] hftLo tyf juL{o pTyfgsf] nflu ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ vf]Ng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] hftLo pTyfgsf] nflu g]kfn afFt/ ;/bf/ sNof0fsf/L ;ldltsf] gfdsf] hftLo ;+u7g :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . k|yd ;Dd]ng @)%# ;fndf ef}8fxfdf cfof]hgf u/L @! ;b:oLo s]GbLo ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/L sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . h;sf] g]t[Tj ;/o'u ;/bf/n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] bf]>f] / t]>f] ;Dd]ngdf emf]/fxf6 df]/+usf] >L df]xg ;/bf/ s]Gb|Lo ;efkltsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . xfnsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ^! ;b:oLo /x]sf] 5 .

 /fhg}lts cj:yf M

      of] hfltsf] /fhgLltdf sd kx'Fr b]lvG5 . x'gt b'a} ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts tkm{ g]kfnL sfFu|];af6 sljtf ;/bf/ ;ef;bdf lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] lgjf{rgdf klg df]/+uaf6 sNkgf ;/bf/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 ;dfg'kflts ;f+;b aGg ;kmn x'g' ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L :yfgLo :t/df klg ;'g;/L, df]/+u, ;Kt/L lhNnfx¿df ljleGg ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfdf ;b:ob]lv pk­–d]o/;Dd aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . t/ /fHon] h'g cg'kftdf ;xeflu u/fpg' kg]{ xf], To; :t/df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . / klg /fhgLltdf s]lx ;xeflutf eg] kfOPsf] 5 .

afFt/ hfltsf rfF8kj{x¿ M

       x/]s ;d'bfon] cf–cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] dgfpg] ub{5g\ h'g pgLx¿sf] hftLo klxrfg klg xf] . afFt/ hfltx¿ jif{el/ ljleGg rfF8kj{x¿ dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] hfltsf] rfF8kj{ ciff9af6 z'¿ x'G5 / j}zfvdf ;dfKt x'G5 . o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f pvfg 5 æ3/L k;f/], l;/jf p;f/]Æ . 3/Ln] kj{sf] z'¿jft u5{ / l;¿jf d]nfn] ;dfKt kf5{ cyf{t\ 3/L kj{ h'g ciff9 dlxgfdf kb{5, ToxfFaf6 o; ;d'bfosf] rfF8kj{sf] z'?jft x'G5 . To; kl5 cb|f h'g >fj0fdf k5{ . tLhsf] ef]lnkN6 rf}7L rfFb eGg] kj{ dgfpF5g\ . To;}u/L /f]kfOsf] z'¿jftdf ujul/of dgfOG5 h'gj]nf afhf ufhf ahfP/ v]tdf uO{ wfg /f]kfOsf] z'¿jft ul/G5 . lxnf] 5\ofkf5\ofk u5{g\ / /dfOnf] ub{5g\ . /f]kfO{sf] clGtd lbgnfO{ stkvf/sf] gfdn] /dfOnf] ub{5g\ . /f]kfOsf] s]lx ;do kl5 lhtLof kj{ agfpF5g\ . o; kj{df dlxnfx¿sf] k|d'v ;xeflutf x/]sf] x'G5 . o; ;d'bfodf Pp6f pvfg g} k|rlnt 5 – ælhtLof kfj}g j/ ef/L, lwofk'tfs] 7f]Os ;'tfj], ckgf v\of e}/ e}/ yf/L .Æ lhtLof kj{ ;fx|} ufx|f] x'G5 . s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;'Tg nufOG5 / cfkm" yfn e/L e/L vfG5g\ . cyf{t\ of] kj{ /ftL dgfOG5 . lhtjfxg b]ptfnfO{ l3/f}nfsf] kftdf blx Ro"/f d'5]/ dWo/ftdf r9fOG5 . To; kl5 df5fsf] dL7f] kl/sf/ agfP/ vfg] ub{5 . s]6fs]6L ;'lt;s]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fOb}g . p7Lxfn]df pgLx¿nfO{ ksfOPsf] kl/sf/ vfg lbOG5 .

       bz}+ of] hfltsf] cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt xf]Og . / klg o; kj{df gofF gofF n'uf nufpg], dL7f] vfg]s'/f vfg] tyf bzdL d]nf eg{ hfg] ub{5g\ . sf]hfu|t k"l0f{dfsf] /ft uf]7fn] kj{ dgfpF5g\ . rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] aluof agfO{ afkmdf ksfpF5g\ . df5f clgjfo{ ePsf]n] of t lsg]/ of cfkm}+ df5f df/]/ NofO{ To;sf] dL7f] kl/sf/ agfP/ ;a} kl/jf/ ldn]/ vfg] / /dfOnf] ug]{ k|rng 5 .

       ;'s/fOt -ltxf/_ afFt/ hfltsf] k|d"v rfF8 xf] . of] rfF8 xiff]{pNnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 . x'g t od k~rs elgPtf klg d"Vo lbg nIdL k"hf xf] . ljleGg :yfgdf lbof] afn]/ nIdL k"hf ul/G5 . 3/d"nLx¿ ;07Lsf] x'Ssf agfP/ v]t v]tdf uO{ lbkfjnL ub{5g\ . ;fy} nIdL cfudgsf] k|fy{gf ub{5g\ . ToxL lbgb]lv ufO{ uf]?nfO{ xl/of] wfg -gkfs]sf]_ sf] af]6 sf6]/ NofO{ vfg lbOG5 . To;nfO{ ub|f eGb5g\ . ef]lnkN6 ljxfg} s]6fs]6Lx¿ cl3Nnf] a]n'sL ;08Ln] agfPsf] x'Ssfsf] s]lx efu arfP/ /fv]/ gfª\nf] 76fpFb} ævfOdf/] ;'s/ftL, 8]ªfOl;o} ;'kÆ ltxf/df /fd|f] vfOG5 eg]/ gfª\nf] 76fPsf] eGb} ufpF5g\ . ef]lnkN6 ljxfg}b]lv kl/sf/ agfpg z'¿jft ub{5g\ . aluof tof/ ub{5g\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf df;' -h:t} ;'+u'/, v;L, xfF; OTofbL_ dL7f] agfP/ ksfpF5g\ . k'¿ifx¿ xnf], h'jf, sf]bfnf], 6]jn, s'l;{ OTofbL ;kmf u/]/ Ps 7fpFdf /fvL kL7f], l;Gb"/, b'jf], wfgn] k"hf ub{5g\ . To;kl5 vfglkg z'¿ x'G5 . aluof, Ro"/f, df;' / /S;L vfg]  /dfOnf] ug]{ ub{5g\ . lbpF;f] …x'/Ú xfNg] rng x'G5 h'g xfn cfP/ nf]k x'g nfu]sf] 5 . ufO{, uf]? Ps 7fpFdf e]nf kf5{g\ / s]lx xl/of] 3fF;sf] la6f agfP/ ufO{ uf]? dfly ˆofFSg] ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ …uf]j4{gÚ k"hf klg elgG5 . o; lbg ufO{ uf]?nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] /+usf] a'§f klg lhp e/L nufO{ lbg] rng 5 . clGtd lbg cyf{t\ …df]6fdf]6LÆ h'g clxn] cfP/ efO6Lsf ePsf] 5, To; lbg vf; u/]/ ljaflxt lbbL alxgLsf] 3/df Ro"/f d'/xL e"hfsf] kf]sf] agfP/ hfg] ub{5g\ . To; /ft bfh' efO lbbL alxgLsf] 3/df a:5g\ / ef]lnkN6 lbbL alxgLnfO{ cfkm";Fu} 3/ lnP/ cfpF5g\ . o;/L lbbL alxgLnfO{ 3/ NofO;s]kl5 ;'s/fOt -ltxf/_ kj{sf] cGTo x'G5 . xfn cfP/ …df]§fdf]§LÆ k|yf x/fpg nflu ;s]sf] 5 . cGo ;dfh h:t} afFt/ ;dfhn] klg efO6Lsf nufpg yfn]sf] 5 .

       df3L -df3] ;+qmflGt_ afFt/ hfltsf] csf]{ k|d"v rf8 xf] . df3Ldf ljxfg} g'xfpF5g\, kljq x'G5g\ / vfgfdf u'F8 lvr8L -;Vv/ xfn]sf] vL/_ / t/sf/L vfG5g\ . To;} u/L cGo kl/sf/x¿ h:t} rfs', ;Vv/v08, t¿n vfg] tyf hLpe/L tf]/Lsf] t]n nufpg] u5{g\ . lbpF;f] ltnsf], Ro"/fsf] tyf d'/xL e"hfsf] n8\8' agfP/ a]n'sLkv ;dfhdf a:g] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x¿ cf–cfˆgf] efF8f]df s]xL n8\8' NofO{ s"n b]jtf u]+8l;+xsf] k"hf u5{g\ . pQm lbg ;+'u'/sf] aln klg lbg] rng 5 . aln lbO;s]kl5 df;' c+zj08f u5{g\ / 6fpFsf] / Pp6f lkmnf /fv]/ To;sf] df;'af6 a]n'sf ;/bf/sf] 3/df ef]h u5{g\ . hxfF ;a} k}/hgx¿ ;l/s x'G5g\ . pQm cj;/df /S;L vfg] gfrufg ug]{ tyf /dfOnf] ug]{ klg ub{5g\ .

       xf]nL csf]{ k|d"v rfF8 xf] . o; kj{sf] lbg rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] /f]6L -k'jf_ ksfpg], df;' ksfpg] /S;L vfg], ;d"xdf gfrufg ug]{, 3/3/ hfg] / s]lx /sd ;+sng u/L k'gM /dfOnf] ug]{ ub{5g\ . xf]nLnfO{ o; ;d'bfodf k'gM ldngsf] kj{ klg elgG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv af]nrfn gePsf] kl/jf/;Fu /+u, clj/ dfkm{t Ps csf{sf] ufnfdf nufP/ ltQtf d]6fpg] u5{g\ / Ps} 7fpF a;]/ /dfOnf] u/]/ dgfpF5g\ .

       l;/jf afFt/ ;d'bfosf] jif{sf] clGtd kj{ xf] . x'g t of] jif{sf] z'¿df k5{ / klg o;nfO{ clGtd kj{ gfd lbOPsf] 5 . of] kj{ kl5 s/Lj # dlxgf s'g} kj{ x'Fb}g . l;/jfdf gofF n'uf nufpg] /dfOnf] ug]{, d]nf hfg] clg dL7f] dL7f] vfg] rng x'G5 . x/]s gofF jif{df of] ;d'bfon] …h'/lzQnÚ dgfpF5g\ . h;cg';f/ ljxfg} g'xfP/ cDvf]/fdf kfgL lnO{ klxn] kfl/jfl/s b]ptfnfO{ hn r9fO{ cfkm"eGbf 7"nf]sf] uf]8fdf hn ck{0f u/L cflzjf{b lnG5g\ eg] cfkm" eGbf ;fgf]sf] 6fpsf]df kfgL 5\ofkL cflzjf{b lbG5g\ .

hGd M

       afFt/ ;d'bfodf hGdnfO{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . vf; u/]/ ue{jtL dlxnfn] cGo dlxnfx¿sf] ;xof]udf 3/df g} ;Gtfg hGdfpg] ub{5g\ . cGo ;'l9gLx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;Gtfg hGdfO{ ;s]kl5 ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ 3/sf] s'gfdf aRrf;Fu} Gofgf] kf/]/ /flvG5 . To; sf]7fnfO{ …;f}/L3/Ú elgG5 . To; 3/df aRrf hGdfPsf] dlxnfn] !! lbg;Dd a:g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;Gtfg hGdfpg' cl3 dlxnf ue{jtL ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 dfOtLtkm{af6 cfdf, a'af jf efph"n] lv/, /f]6L, ld7fO{, kmnkm"n tyf Ps k|sf/sf] 3/d} tof/ kf/]sf] ;ft' h;nfO{ …;bxf}/Ú elgG5, lnP/ cfpF5g\ / 5f]/Lr]nLnfO{ v'jfP/ kms{G5g\ . ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ PSn} lx8\g tyf u¿+uf] sfd ug{ lbOb}g . ;do kl/jt{g ;Fu} cfhsn :jf:Yorf}sL, c:ktfndf uP/ klg ;Gtfg hGdfpg] k|lqmofsf] z'¿jft ePsf] 5 .   

       aRrfsf] hGd e};s]kl5 ;'8]gLnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf af]nfOG5 . ;'8]gL vf; u/]/ rdf/ ;d'bfoaf6 af]nfOG5 . pQm ;'8]gLnfO{ …bul/gÚ elgG5 . bul/gn] aRrfsf] ;fngfn, l;Ssf tyf df6fsf] efF8f]sf] 6'qmf h;nfO{ …lem6\sfÚ elgG5, sf] ;xof]un] sf6\b5g\ . ;fngfn sf6] jfkt bul/gnfO{ s]lx l;bf -rfdn, bfn, t/sf/L_ tyf s]lx /sd lbOG5 . aRrf hGd]sf] 5 lbgdf 57L x'G5 . s'g} vf; cj:yfdf h:t} hGd]sf] ef]lnkN6 cf}+;L jf k"l0f{df k/]df Ps lbg jf b'O{ lbgdf g} 57Lxf/ ub{5g\ . o; lbg aRrfnfO{ g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/]/ ;kmf kfb{5g\ . ao/sf] sf9f, aj'/sf] sf9f, la/fnf]sf] /f}+, s's'/sf] /f}+ NofP/ cfuf]df hnfpFb5g\ . o;f] ug'{sf] cy{ s's'/, la/fnf]sf] /f}+sf] Pnlh{af6 aRrfnfO{ hf]ufpg' xf] . o; lbg aRrfsf] gfd /flvG5 . aRrfsf] gfd hGd ;dosf] 36gf, af/, dlxgf cflbsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . h:t} cfOtaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ /}ljof, ;f]daf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ ;f]Dgf, d+unaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ dªn' cyjf d+unL, a'waf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ a'wgf, a'wgL, lalxaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ a[x:klt, z'qmaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ z'qm' tyf zlgaf/ hGd]sf]nfO{ zlgof eGg] h:tf] gfd lbOG5 . To;} u/L gfdf+s/0f ug]{ qmddf s'g} 36gf, dlxgf, :yfgsf] cfwf/df klg gfdfs/0f ul/G5 . u|x, gIfq, /fzL OToflbnfO{ of] ;d'bfon] vf;} dxTj lbPsf] kfOb}g . !! lbg;Dd ;'Ts]/LnfO{ 3/ aflx/ lg:sg lbOb}g . !! lbgsf] /flt ;'Ts]/Ln] Pp6f cfOdfO{nfO{ ;fyL nu]/ 3/ glhssf] Ogf/, 6\o"j]ndf uP/ kgL lgsfNb5] / !@ cf}+ lbgsf] lbg ;'Ts]/LnfO{ rf]VofP/ k"hf ug]{, ;'Ts]/L u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ cfOdfO{x¿nfO{ e]nf af]nfP/ k/]jfsf] jnL lbG5g\ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ jnL lbOPsf] pQm k/]jfsf] df;' v'jfOG5 / ;'Ts]/L cfOdfO{ rf]vf] eP/ p:n] 5f]Psf] kfgL / cGo rLh rNg yfNb5 .

       afFt/ ;d'bodf d'08g -5]j/_ lj/n} ul/G5 . x'g] vfg]n] dfq % jif{ k'u]kl5 3/df xhfd af]nfO{ afnssf] skfn sf6L 5]j/ ul/G5 . To; lbg cfkmGt 5/l5d]snfO{ 8fs]/ ef]h v'jfpg] rng 5 .

afFt/ ;d'bfodf lajfx ;+:sf/ M

      s'g} klg ;dfhdf lajfx Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k/Dk/f xf] . o; hfltdf lajfx leGg} k|sf/n] ;DkGg ul/G5 . o; hfltdf /x]sf] ljleGg lajfx h:t} 3/9'SsL, p//L{, emf]6ks8L afx]s dfuL lajfx, uGwj{ lajfx OToflb klg 5g\ . dfuL ljaxsf] xsdf ljleGg txx¿ kf/ ul/G5 .

       dfuL lajfx xfn cfP/ s]6fs]6Lsf] b]vfb]vaf6 z'¿ x'G5 . Ps csf{n] dg k/fPkl5 b'O{ kl/jf/sf 3/d"nLx¿ a;L a}jflxs sfo{qmdx¿sf] ltly ldlt to ub{5g\ . ;a}eGbf klxn] eTv} ul/G5 . h; cg';f/ s]6L kIfaf6 s]xL JolQm s]6f kIfdf hfG5g\ . pQm lbg w]/}eGbf w]/} kl/sf/x¿ ksfP/ v'jfOG5 . To;kl5 s]6L kIfaf6 s]lx JolQmx¿ -vf; u/]/ ljhf]8f ;+Vof_ uO{ lajfxsf] lbg tf]S5g\ . lajfxsf] b'O{lbg cl3 hftLo a|fDx0f af]nfO{ ;Togf/fo0f eujfgsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . Ps lbg cufl8 s]6L tkm{af6 ltns lbgsf] nflu ljhf]8 ;+Vofdf kl/jf/ nufot ;dfhsf k'¿ifx¿ a]n'sf a]x'nfsf] 3/df hfG5g\ . ltns lbg cfpg] kfx'gfnfO{ eJo :jfut ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . ltns lbO;s]kl5 kfx'gfx¿nfO{ dL7f] dL7f] kl/sf/ v'jfpg] rng 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, ;'Tg] a]nf s]lx o'jfx¿n] ltns lbg cfPsf] k'¿ifx¿ h;nfO{ …k~rl/ofÚ elgG5, sf] lhp dflnz ug]{ ub{5g\ . xfn cfP/ lhp dflnz ug]{ k/Dk/fdf /f]s nufOPsf] 5 .

       o; ;d'bfosf] lajfx k|foM /fqL nugdf ug]{ ub{5g\ . a]n'sL hGtLx¿nfO{ -al/oftL_ eJo :jfut ul/G5 . lajfxsf] a]nf k|d"v e"ldsf dlxnfx¿sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] k/Dk/fut uLt ufpFb} ljleGg a}jflxs ljlw k"/f ub{5g\ . o; hfltsf] lajfxsf] k|d"v cfsif{0f eg]sf] b'O6f afF;sf] 6'qmf -a}xªf / k6}x_ 3f]6]/ cfuf] lgsfNg' xf] . of] cfuf] glg:s'~h]n cGo ljlwx¿ ul/b}g . hGtx¿n] klg cfkm";Fu NofPsf] a}xªf / k6}x Ps csf{;Fu 3f]6]/ cfsf] lgsfNb5g\ . To;kl5 dlxnfx¿n] g} ljleGg lsl;dsf] uLt ufpFb} ljlwx¿ k"/f ub{5g\ . sGofbfg vf; u/]/ a'afn] ug]{ ePsf]n] lrl6Ss agfOPsf] d08k leq a]x'nf / a]x'nL aLrdf a'af a;]/ sGofbfg ub{5g\ . hGtLnfO{ vf; u/]/ @$ 306f;Dd /fVg] k/Dk/f /lx cfPsf]df xfn ;do 5f]6\ofP/ !) b]lv !@ 306f kl5 a]x'nL cGdfP/ k7fpFb5g\ .

       a]x'nfsf] 3/df a]x'nL leq\ofO;s]  kl5 klg s]xL ljlwx¿ ub{5g\ h:t} r'dfpg], ;'kf8L v]nfpg] OToflb . a]x'nL NofO;s]kl5 ufpFn]x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ ef]h v'jfO;s] kl5 lajfx ljlwjt ¿kdf ;DkGg x'G5 . a]x'nL;Fu cfPsf efOalxgLx¿ h;nfO{ …;l/oftLÚ elgG5, To;lbg ;Fu} a:5g\ . k'/fgf] lgod cg';f/ To;} lbg a]x'nL kms{g] eP klg xfn ;l/oftLx¿nfO{ kmsf{O a]x'nL ToxL a:5g\ / ef]ln kN6 HjfO{;Fu} dfOt cfpFl5g\ . h;nfO{ …3'/faf}x/LÚ elgG5 . To; kZrft kms]{/ cfO{ gf} lbgkl5 lgoldt ¿kdf cfO{ hfO{ z'¿ x'G5 . z'¿sf lbgx¿df a]x'nLn] rfx] dfOt hfFbf xf];\ jf dfOtaf6 3/ kmls{bf xf];\, s]lx sf]z]nL h:t} t]ndf tf/]sf] rfdnsf] kL7f]sf] /f]6L, vL/ OToflb nfg] ub{5g\ h;nfO{ …;g]zÚ elgG5 . ;gz cfpFbf a]x'nLsf] cfdf jf efph"n] k|To]s kl/jf/df yf]/} yf]/} u/]/ afF8\g] ub{5g\ .

afFtf/ ;d'bfodf d[To' ;+sf/ M

      afFt/ ;d'bfodf d[To' ;+:sf/ s]lx xb;Dd km/s 5 . s;}sf] d[To' ePsf] v08df To; kl/jf/af6 Pshgf dfq …stf{Ú a:5g\ . hltj6} 5f]/f eP klg olb pgLx¿ …stf{Ú a:g] cj:yf gePdf gflt klg …stf{Ú a:g kfpF5g\ . d[t z/L/nfO{ l;w} k|j]zåf/af6 lgsflnb}g . 3/5]psf] af/]sf] …6f6LÚ vf]n]/ lgsflnG5 . af6f]df 6Lnf tyf tf]/L 5b}{ nfG5g\ . k|foM u/La kl/jf/ ePsfn] d[t z/L/nfO{ lrxfg vg]/ uf8\g] ub{5g\ . sf]lx sf]lxn] dfq 3f6df nu]/ hnfpg] ub{5g\ . ;+:sf/ u/]/ cfO;s]kl5 stf{nfO{ leGg} a:g] Joj:yf ldnfOG5 . d[To'sf] bf]>f] lbg '…b"wd"xÚ ul/G5 . h;df x/]s kl/jf/n] b"w lnP/ cfpF5g\ / ufpF ;dfhnfO{ af]nfP/ ;fdfGo vfg]s'/fsf ;fydf b"w vfg lbOG5 . rf}yf] lbg ;fdfGo ljlw u5{g\ . h;nfO{ …x}/r~r]Ú elgG5 . ;+:sf/ u/]sf] 7fpFdf jf gbL lsgf/ uP/ s]lx vfg]s'/f agfO{ d[t cfTdfnfO{ r9fOG5 . ;ftf}+ lbgsf] lbg cfOdfOx¿ 3f6df uP/ g'xfp5g\ h;nfO{ …;t nxf}gÚ elgG5 . To;} a]n'sf ufpF ;dfh a;]/ cfkmGtx¿nfO{ lgDtf] afF8\g] tyf lgDtf] k'¥ofpg] hfg] JolQmsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpF5g\ . P3f/f}+ lbgsf] lbgnfO{ …gf]xs]zÚ elgG5 . To; lbg dlxnfx¿n] gª sf6\g] tyf k'¿if ;b:ox¿n] skfn tyf gª sf6\g] ub{5g\ . afx|f}+ lbgnfO{ …kf/0fÚ elgG5 . To; lbg ;dfh af]nfP/ ef]h VofOG5 . To; a]n'sf klg ;dfhnfO{ v'jfpg] rng 5 . t]x|f}+ lbg …z'4fz'4LÚ sf] lbg, To; lbg lgDtfn', ;dfh ;a} ldn]/ ef]h u5{g\ . To; ;do …stf{Ú a;]sf] JolQmnfO{ aLrdf /fv]/ g"g ePsf] vfg]s'/f vfg lbOG5 . To; cl3 afx|lbg ;Dd stf{n] g'g vfg kfpFb}g . stf{ ag]sf] JolQm ;a}nfO{ k|0ffd u/]kl5 ef]h z'¿ x'G5 / a]n'sf ljlwjt ¿kdf d[To' ;+:sf/ klg ;dfKt x'G5 . To; a]n'sf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf Ps 6'qmf l;b|f df5f vfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To; a]n'sf df5f gvfP, slDtdf $% lbg jf ! jif{;Dd df5f df;' vfg kfOb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M

– /fO{, u+uf . @)^# . g]kfndf afFt/ ;d'bfosf] dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf M df]/+u lhNnf xflQd'8f uf= lj=;=sf] :ynut ;dfhzfl:qo cWoog . zf]wkq . l6=o"= k]; ul/Psf] .

– cfrfo{, k]zn . @)$* . ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ hflt afFt/ M g]kfn klqsf jif{ @@ c+s # . sf7df08f} M d'b|0f tyf k|sfzg ljefu, n]vg tyf ;+kfbg zfvf, l;+x b/af/ .

– pkfWofo, ls/gbQ . @)$! . emfkf, df]/+u, ;'g;/L lhNnfsf clt lk5l8Psf d';x/, emfFu8, ;tf/, afFt/ / lwdfn hfltx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s hLjgaf/] Ps ;j]{If0f . sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ljefu . ;+Vof ^

– sf]O/fnf, dft[sf k|;fb . @)@# . df]/+usf s]lx hflt ljz]ifx¿ M sNkgf åL . dfl;s ;flxlTos klqmsf, c+s #, w/fg .

– zdf{ hgsnfn . @)#( . xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog . sf7df08f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg . k[i7 $)), $)!

;/bf/, hxfbL . @)&% . afFt/ hftLsf] Oltxf;, df}lvs cGt/sftf{, a]zfv # ut] .

–;fksf]6f, /fh]Zj/L . @)%% . xflQd'8f uf=lj=;=sf afFt/ hflt M Ps cWoog, zf]wkq . l6=o"=df k]; ul/Psf] .

Bista, Dor Bahdur (1972). People of Nepal, Kathmadnu : Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

Chaudhary, P. C. (1965). Bihar District Gudgeters. Saharsa, Patna:  Secretariate Press.

Chhetri, Dr. Ganesh (1993). Bantar Settlers of Eastern Nepalese Terain, a Dissertation. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India.

Dahal, Dilli Ram (1978). Indian Ethnic Group in the Nepalese Terai, Research Centre for Nepal and Asia Studues, T.U.

Hodson, B. (1886). Miscellaneus Essay Relating Indian Subjects, London :Trabner and Company.

Jha, Hari Bansha (1953). The Terai Community and National Integretation in Nepal. New Delhi : Centre for Economic and Technical Studies

Mishra, Shree Kanta (1953). History of Mithila. Lahariya Sarai : Mitihila Publication.

Population Census National Report  (2011). Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, p. 145

Prasad, S. D. (1936). Bihar Census Report. Saharsa, Patna:  Secretariat Press.

Risley,H. H. (1892). The Tribe and Caste of Bengal. Calcutta : Bengal Secretariat Press, Vol. 1